Chapter 1 Sections 1.1, 1.3 Adv: Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Section 1.1: Scope of Chemistry  What is Chemistry?  Areas of Study  Big Ideas in Chemistry

What is Chemistry?  化学  Means Chemistry in Japanese.  The characters literally mean “Change Study.”  Chemistry is the study of matter: the composition of matter and the changes matter undergoes.  Write that down: it’s really important!

Is it relevant to my life? Am I ever going to use this?  How should I know?  But Chemistry is all around you.  It is called the “central” science because it is fundamental to understanding all other sciences well.  Everything is made of matter.  Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

Areas of Study  No one person could possibly know everything there is to know about Chemistry.  Chemistry can be broken down into 5 major areas of study:  Organic Chemistry  Biochemistry  Inorganic Chemistry  Analytical Chemistry  Physical Chemistry

Organic Chemistry  The study of compounds (chemicals) which contain CARBON.  They also will have hydrogen and maybe oxygen or nitrogen, and possibly lots of other elements too.  We will learn a little organic chemistry, because they test for it on the SOL.

Organic Chemistry  All branches of chemistry, including Organic can be further broken down into:  Pure chemistry  Doing chemistry just for the joy of doing research.  May not have any practical value or use.  Done at major universities.  Applied chemistry  Doing chemistry to produce a specific product to make money off of.  Generally done at a company.

Organic Chemistry  Originally organic meant “comes from nature.”  However, not all organic compounds come from nature or living things today.  MOST are created by scientists in a lab.  Organic groceries just mean they are produced in a “natural” way without any man-made fertilizers or chemical enhancements.

Organic Chemistry = Biochemistry?  Biochemistry is one of the “subdivisions” of Organic Chemistry.  Biochemistry is the study of organic compounds which exist in living things (primarily humans) and the chemical processes which occur in living things.  Breathing and digestion are caused and regulated by chemistry!

Organic Chemistry  All branches of chemistry, including Organic can be further broken down into:  Pure chemistry  Doing chemistry just for the joy of doing research.  May not have any practical value or use.  Done at major universities.  Applied chemistry  Doing chemistry to produce a specific product to make money off of.  Generally done at a company.

Hydrocarbons  The simplest organic compounds are called hydrocarbons.  These compounds ONLY contain C and Hydrogen.  The simplest one is methane (natural gas) which has a formula CH 4.  You should write that down and memorize that!

Hydrocarbons  Hydrocarbons are also called  “fossil fuels” (because they come from decomposed living things) and  “petrochemicals” (because they are found in petroleum).  Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface.  Used for energy  Used for making plastic

Medicines or Pharmaceuticals: Aspirin  Many organic compounds have value as medicines.  Aspirin is found in nature. But all of the aspirin you buy is made in chemical companies, like Bayer.  Aspirin occurs naturally in willow tree bark. It was discovered by Hippocrates.

Medicines or Pharmaceuticals: Aspirin  Hippocratesmade a powder with the bark and used it to treat headaches and fevers as early as 400BC.  Aspirin was first isolated in Germany at Bayer in  It is quite easy to make (I do it at Germanna as a lab experiment).  Many pharmaceutical products are quite difficult to make however.

Polymers  Polymers can be natural or synthetic (man made).  They are large molecules composed of simple molecules hooked together in a long chain.  Monomer = one unit of chain  Polymer = many units to form the chain  Legos?

Natural Polymers  Natural Polymers  Proteins (monomer = amino acid)  Starch and Cellulose (monomer = sugar molecules)  DNA or RNA (monomer = purine or pyrimidine bases)

Synthetic Polymers  Synthetic Polymers  Plastics  PE or polyethylene (most common plastic found in soda bottles)  PVC or polyvinylchloride (pipes used for plumbing)  Styrofoam or polystyrene (cups)  Polyacrylate (found in disposable diapers)  Fibers (nylon, rayon, polyester)  Kevlar (bullet proof vests)  Teflon (PTFE or polytetrafluoroethylene)

Chemists Like Big Words  polytetrafluoroethylene  Just break it down into syllables.  Poly  Tetra  Fluoro  Ethyl  Ene  Each syllable tells me something about the structure.  That’s how it works in Organic.

Inorganic Chemistry  The study of compounds (chemicals) which do not contain CARBON.  Inorganic chemistry studies the REST of the elements on the Periodic Table.  Carbon = Organic.  Everything else = Inorganic!

Elements on Periodic Table  The Periodic Table is you BFF in this class.  Don’t memorize it.  However, do start learning the symbols and names for elements 1-36!

The Element Song  The Element Song: ehand.com/flash/ elements.html ehand.com/flash/ elements.html ehand.com/flash/ elements.html

Analytical Chemistry  The study of the type of chemistry they do on CSI and other crime shows on TV.  Focuses on the composition of matter and can answer questions.  How much is there?  Where did it come from?  Is it one substance or a mixture of more than one substance?

Physical Chemistry  The study of properties of matter.  Use calculus and other high level math to do chemistry.  Lots of the facts that we know about molecules were discovered by physical chemists.  Bond strengths, lengths, and angles.  Heat involved in reactions.  Speeds of reactions.

What’s the Big Idea?  This is patterned after the College Board who redesigned AP Chemistry around 6 Big Ideas.  The book uses 8. Each Big Idea will be explored in several of the chapters in the book.  Big Ideas are the “central themes” of chemistry or how and why we organize things the way we do.

What’s the Big Idea?  Don’t memorize these:  Chemistry as the Central Science  Electrons and the Structure of Atoms  Bonding and Interactions  Reactions  Kinetic Theory  The Mole and Quantifying Matter  Matter and Energy  Organic Chemistry

SOL Objectives you will be tested on  CH 1 Scientific Investigation  CH 2 Atomic Structure and Periodicity  CH 3 Nomenclature, Formulas and Bonding  CH 4 Molar Relationships  CH 5 Kinetic Molecular Theory and States of Matter  CH 6 Organic Chemistry

Section 1.2  Why Study Chemistry?  Next thing after Biology?  Chemistry can help explain the natural world around you.  Chemistry can help prepare you for a career in science or medicine or engineering.  In other words, fields that you can actually find a job in after graduation.  Chemistry can make you a more informed citizen and consumer in our society.

Accidental Chemistry  Pg lists 4 “accidents” which ended up making millions of dollars.  Sticky notes were invented because a chemist working at a glue company made some glue which didn’t stick very well.  If you pulled on the paper it would pull right off.  His invention sat on a shelf for 6 years until he discovered a use for the “worthless” glue.

Section 1.3  Thinking Like a Scientist  The word chemistry comes from alchemy.  Alchemists weren’t scientists.  Robert Boyle ( ) changed that by calling himelf a “chymist” and was probably the first real scientist.  Antoine Lavoisier ( ) was “the father of modern chemistry.”  He explained chemical results that others had explored before him.

Antoine Lavoisier  Demonstrated the principle we now call “The Law of Conservation of Mass.”  Proved water was a compound.  Studied combustion and respiration and discovered oxygen and nitrogen and the percent composition of air.  Turned chemistry from a series of good and detailed observations into a science of careful measurement.  Wrote the first chemistry textbook (which I have on my iPad) in French, but his wife Marie Anne translated it into English.  Beheaded on the guillotine during the French Revolution at age 50.

The Scientific Method  Yes, same one you have been learning since you first heard about it in elementary school.  3 major steps:  Observation: look, see, smell, touch, etc.  Hypothesis: more than just an “educated guess”  Experiment: used to test your hypotheis.

The Scientific Method  Observations make you wonder.  They suggest questions for you to study.  From the observations, you will develop a hypothesis.  A hypothesis must be TESTABLE. It must also be possible for it to be true or false, otherwise it isn’t a good hypothesis.

Not an educated guess?  A better way of saying it (now that we’re not in middle school anymore) is that a hypothesis is a testable statement of what you believe will happen during an experiment, based on your scientific expertise.  In other words, an educated guess you can TEST!

Experiments  Used to test and support your hypothesis.  Or used to test and not support your hypothesis  Try not to think of “not support” as a failure.  Only 2 things can happen in an experiment: it works and you learned something, or it didn’t work and you learned something else.

Variables in Chemistry Experiments  Independent or Manipulated Variable  Variable “I change”  Book sometimes calls it manipulated.  Always graphed on “x axis”  Dependent or Responding Variable  Changes or responds as a result of the change you made to the independent variable.  Always graphed on “y axis”  Control or Constant  Must be controlled so they don’t change (stay constant)  If the do change, they will affect your results (because now you have more than 1 independent variable).  Never graphed.

Analyzing Data and making Conclusions  Some people list these out as separate steps in the Scientific Method.  I think they are all part of the Experiment step.  You must analyze data to know what it is telling you.  You must make conclusions to figure out if they experiment did support your hypothesis.  Your analysis and conclusions can also suggest improvements for the next experiment or a whole different topic to investigate.

Graphing Data  This isn’t math class. We don’t just graph to see what it looks like.  Chemistry graphs are meaningful and we can get real data off the graph.  This is part of Analysis of Data.  We will use Excel to produce graphs starting in Lab 2.  We will use scatter plots with a “line of best fit.”  Bar graphs and pie charts are generally not appropriate.

Scientific Theory  A theory is a detailed explanation of why an experiment works the way it does.  A theory can NEVER be proven completely true.  Theories can always be disproved if new data is discovered which doesn’t support the theory.  Dalton’s Atomic Theory is studied in Section 4.1 and is the basis for modern chemistry.  Kinetic Molecular Theory is studied in Sections 13.1 and 14.1

Scientific Law  A law is a statement of fact, usually about something chemical which occurs naturally.  Laws are always true. They just don’t explain how or why.  Law of Conservation of Mass is studied in Section 2.4.  Much of what we learn this entire year is built on that law.

schools.com HW: no reading. Do Problems: pg 28-30, # 36, 45, 47, 48, 50, 59, 60*, 64, 65, 69*