1. Introduction to Chemistry
Chapter 1
Introduction to Chemistry

2. 1.2 Chemistry and Matter
Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes
Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space.
Examples of matter: metal, plastic, paper, ink, etc.
Not everything is matter, examples: heat, light, radio waves, knowledge, etc.

3. Mass vs. Weight Mass- measurement of the amount of matter
Weight- measure of mater and the effect of gravitational pull
Weight is not consistent, depends on gravitational pull
Mass is consistent, not dependent of gravity

4. Branches of Chemistry Organic- carbon chemicals (Pharmaceuticals)
Inorganic- no carbon chemicals (Metals, Minerals)
Physical- behavior/changes of matter (Reaction Rates)
Analytical- Compositions of substances (Food nutrients)
Biochemistry- processes of living organisms (Metabolism)

5. 1.3 Scientific Method
Scientific Method- a organized process used by scientists to do research
Observation- the act of gathering information
Qualitative data- information using five senses (color, odor, shape)
Quantitative data- numerical information (measuring, volume, pressure)

6. Practice Problem: Indentify each of the following as an example of qualitative data or quantitative data.
Taste of an apple
Mass of a brick
Speed of a car
Length of a rod
Texture of a leaf
Weight of an elephant

7. Scientific Method (Continue)
Hypothesis- tentative explanation for what has been observed (testable statement)
Experiments- set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis

8. Scientific Method (Continue)
Variable- quantity or condition that can have more than one value
Independent variable- that one you plan to change (Condition that affects the experiment outcome)
Dependent variable- change in response to the independent variable

9. Practice Problems:
Identify the dependent variable and the independent variable
A student tests the ability of a given chemical to dissolve in water at three different temperatures.
A farmer compares how his crops grow with and without phosphorous fertilizers.
An environmentalist tests the acidity of water samples at five different distances from a factory.

10. Constant- factor(s) not allowed to change during an experiment
Control- standard for comparison
Conclusion- judgment based on the information obtained (A hypothesis can never be proven)
Theory- explanation supported by many, many experiments (broad principle of nature)
Scientific Law- a relationship in nature supported by many experiments

11. 1.4 Scientific Research
Pure research- seek to gain knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself
Applied research- done to solve a specific problem
Chance discoveries occur when the expected outcome is different and a new discovery is found (ex. Nylon)

12. Practice Problem
Classify each kind of research as either pure or applied
A scientist studies plants in a rain forest in search of chemicals that might be used to treat AIDS.
A researcher studies the effect of hormones on the brain of a worm.
A researcher tries to develop cleaner burning fuels to help reduce air pollutions.

13. Benefits of Chemistry
Technological applications are a result of pure and applied research
Technology- practical use of scientific information
Technology’s purpose is to make improvements in human life (make life easier and more comfortable)