Cell Organelles and Organization

Two Major Types of Cells Prokaryote- organisms that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (bacteria) Eukaryote- organisms with a nuclei (plants and animals) and membrane bound organelles as well as other cell structures

Cellular Organization Cells are diverse in their size and shape and type All cells are made up of some basic parts A boundary An interior substance A control center

Cell Membrane Also called Plasma Membrane Location: Outside perimeter Prokaryotes, Plants, & Animals Function: controls what enter and leaves the cell

Structure of Cell Membrane Selectively Permeable: picks and chooses what is allowed to enter/exit

Cytoplasm Location: Jelly-like substance in between cell membrane and nucleus Plants and Animals & Prokaryotes Function: metabolism

Nucleus Plants and Animals Function: Control center for metabolism and reproduction

Chromatin/Chromosomes Inside nucleus Plants and Animals Function: DNA

Nuclear Envelope: Surrounds the nucleus Plants and Animals Allows things to enter and exit nucleus

Nucleolus Inside nucleus Plants and Animals Function: makes ribosomes

Ribosomes Plants and Animals Function: makes proteins

Cell Wall Location: outside perimeter Found in prokaryotes and plants Function: gives cells its shape and protection

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Plants and Animals Function: highway of cell; moves material from one end to the next

Two Types: Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): ribosomes attached Smooth ER: no ribosomes

Goligi Bodies or Complex Plants and Animals Looks like a flattened stack of pancakes Membrane bound sacs that modify and transport proteins to parts of the cell

Lysosome Plants and Animals Garbage disposal; break down/digests food or bacteria

Mitochondria Plants and Animals Powerhouse of cell Produces energy for the cell

Microtubules Eukaryotes (plants and animals) Gives cell shape

Microfilaments Eukaryotes (plants and animals) Involved with cell movement

Cilia and Flagella Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (plants and animals) Function: Hair-like structures for movement

Cilia and Flagella Cilia Flagella

Vacuoles Plants: one large one Animals: several small ones Function: isolating threats, containing wastes, materials like ions, water(similar to sponge)

Plastids Plants only Two types: Leucoplasts: starch storage Chromoplasts: pigments for color

Chloroplast Type of chromoplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis Grana and stoma are part of chloroplast

Endosymbiosis Theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were really once bacteria or prokaryotes

Centrioles Inside cells animals Function: cellular division

Organization of Cells in Living Things:

Unicellular Organisms Example: bacteria, fungi, algae Able to carry on all life processes Usually colonial organisms

Multicellular Organisms Cells---Tissues---Organ---Organ Systems

Tissue Group of cells that are similar and perform same function Types: epithelial (skin), connective (bone), and muscle to name a few

Organ Group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function EX: Stomach, Liver

Organ System Group of organs that work together to perform a function EX: digestive system

Critical Thinking Question Why do you think the cells of all multicellular organisms are specialized?