Inauguration of LU Doctoral School: European Integration and Baltic Sea Region Studies (EIBSRS) Doctor of science: the latest European concept Prof. Kęstutis Kriščiūnas

Issues 1.Contemporary situation in doctoral education and employment field 2.Content of reforms in doctoral studies 3.European vision of doctoral studies /programmes: new challenges/objectives for doctor’s/studies requirements for doctor’s degree requirements for doctor’s skills vision of European model of doctoral studies 4. Peculiarities in doctor’s of science environment 2

Contemporary reasons for PhD Research Eurodoc

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Changing nature of doctoral programmes Growing demand of highly qualified labor force in the labor market (graduates with doctor’s qualification (degree)?) The need to move from “apprenticeship” to doctor’s programme: – From vocational to generic qualification (based on broad scholarship) – Development of skills – Diversity of possible doctoral qualifications (professional, practice-based) Diversity of contingent Growth of graduate schools (strong precondition) Driving idea for change:..”the product that the PhD researcher creates is not the thesis – vital though that is to their subject area through the creation of original knowledge – no, the product of their study is the development of themselves” [Sir Gareth Roberts]

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Importance of skills to researchers ESF MO forum survey 8

What skills make doctoral graduate of social sciences and economics more employable? - analytical skills - methodological knowledge and skills - communication and presentation skills - management skills - international, intercultural experience and competence working in such environment - language skills - people and relationship management skills - computer science skills - hard science knowledge (to a certain degree) – eg statistics - interdisciplinary skills and knowledge – broader picture and understanding of the world - entrepreneurship - socials skills in different context (in different socio-economic environments) - creative thinking, innovation (thinking out of box) – new ideas beyond disciplines -ethics -problem solving -fundraising 9

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New approach to Doctoral Programmes and to Dissertations Bologna Process

Ministers meeting in Berlin in September 2003 added an Action Line to the Bologna process entitled “European Higher Education Area and European Research Area – two pillars of the knowledge based society” that underlines the key role of doctoral programmes and research training in this context. “ Conscious of the need to promote closer links between the EHEA and the ERA in a Europe of Knowledge, and of the importance of research as an integral part of higher education across Europe, Ministers consider it necessary to go beyond the present focus on two main cycles of higher education to include the doctoral level as the third cycle in the Bologna Process. They emphasize the importance of research and research training and the promotion of interdisciplinarity in maintaining and improving the quality of higher education and in enhancing the competitiveness of European higher education more generally. Ministers call for increased mobility at the doctoral and postdoctoral levels and encourage the institutions concerned to increase their cooperation in doctoral studies and the training of young researchers.” 12

10 Salzburg principles eminar.jspx 13

1. THE CORE COMPONENT OF DOCTORAL TRAINING IS THE ADVANCEMENT OF KNOWLEDGE THROUGH ORIGINAL RESEARCH At the same time it is recognised that doctoral training must increasingly meet the needs of an employment market that is wider than academia 14

2. EMBEDDING IN INSTITUTIONAL STRATEGIES AND POLICIES universities as institutions need to assume responsibility for ensuring that the doctoral programmes and research training they offer are designed to meet new challenges and include appropriate professional career development opportunities 15

3. THE IMPORTANCE OF DIVERSITY the rich diversity of doctoral programmes in Europe – including joint doctorates – is a strength which has to be underpinned by quality and sound practice 16

4. DOCTORAL CANDIDATES AS EARLY STAGE RESEARCHERS should be recognized as professionals – with commensurate rights – who make a key contribution to the creation of new knowledge 17

5. THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF SUPERVISION AND ASSESSMENT in respect of individual doctoral candidates, arrangements for supervision and assessment should be based on a transparent contractual framework of shared responsibilities between: doctoral candidates supervisors the institution (and where appropriate including other partners) 18

6. ACHIEVING CRITICAL MASS Doctoral programmes should seek to achieve critical mass and should draw on different types of innovative practice being introduced in universities across Europe, bearing in mind that different solutions may be appropriate to different contexts and in particular across larger and smaller European countries. These range from graduate schools in major universities to international, national and regional collaboration between universities 19

7. DURATION doctoral programmes should operate within appropriate time duration (three to four years full-time as a rule) 20

8. THE PROMOTION OF INNOVATIVE STRUCTURES to meet the challenge of interdisciplinary training and the development of transferable skills 21

9. INCREASING MOBILITY Doctoral programmes: should seek to offer geographical as well as interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral mobility and international collaboration within an integrated framework of cooperation between universities and other partners. 22

10. ENSURING APPROPRIATE FUNDING the development of quality doctoral programmes and the successful completion by doctoral candidates requires appropriate and sustainable funding 23

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EUROPEAN VISION OF DOCTORAL STUDIES /PROGRAMMES 26

The results of modernization process of doctoral studies Doctoral studies in the EU countries are in deep and wide modernization process yet The expected result of doctoral studies: doctor  competent in the field (knowledge in the field + transferable skills)  capable (generic + transferable skills) make effective research and communicate it 27

The results of modernization of doctoral studies (the aspects of doctoral studies without general contradictions) Unique meaning universities have “proprium and monopoly” to prepare doctors and issue scientific degrees Universities are responsible for doctor’s quality, although other institutions (private, research, etc.) could participate in the process Doctors degree is unique Dissertation remains as the main instrument of doctor’s educating Transferable skills being necessary for doctor should be developed specifically Acceptance in general Doctoral students should be educated in Doctoral schools Consultants from adjacent scientific fields should attend in the process Every doctoral student should have specific plan of his/her studies and research Trilateral agreement Double status of doctoral student 28

The results of modernization of doctoral studies the disputed (yet) aspects – necessity of “European doctor” with common requirements and standards – concept, organization and structure – requirements for doctor’s dissertation and the competence/expertise for the doctor – subjects studied during doctoral studies – content and structure of dissertation – publication of scientific results – ECTS utilization in doctoral studies 29

Example of good practice Doctoral Scholl at Imperial College London 30

Developing skills programmes: a broader perspective on research training (Professor Mary Ritter Pro-Rector, Postgraduate Affairs, Director Graduate School of Life Sciences and Medicine Imperial College London) 31

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Where does Europe stand in research training versus the US and Japan? Ph’D in Science and Technology (S&T): EU-15: 0.56 (per 1000 inhabitants) aged between 25 and 34 years Sweden: 1.24 Finland: 1.01 US: 0.41 Japan: 0.25 Italy: 0.10 But the employment rate in Europe is smaller: – EU-15: 5.4 researchers per 1000 labour force – US: 8.7 – Japan:

European Science & Technology graduates who decide to work abroad go to the US about 4% out of the total pool of European human resources in S&T (or, roughly estimated, out of 11 million) are living/working in the US nearly 75% of European Ph’D recipients at US universities prefer to stay in the US after their PhD moreover, ‘lost human capital’ has increased substantially during the last decade: from 49% in 1990 to 73% in

Inauguration of LU Doctoral School: European Integration and Baltic Sea Region Studies (EIBSRS) Doctor of science: the latest European concept THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION! Prof. Kęstutis Kriščiūnas 39