CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE CLASSIC WORLD

NOMADIC SOCIETY AND ECONOMY Nomadic peoples Pastoral nomads Clans from common ancestors, with related languages Central Asia's steppes Good for grazing, little rain, few rivers Nomads and their animals; few settlements Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles Lived mostly on animal products Produced millet, pottery, leather goods, iron Nomads and settled peoples A love, hate relationship of war and trade Trade, exchange: Nomads maintained caravan routes Exchanged horses for finished goods including silk Fluidity of classes, gender in nomadic society Two social classes: nobles and commoners Patriarchal society but women accorded many rights, privileges Religions Mostly shamanistic Diviners influence forces of nature, interpret it Political and Military organization Autonomous clans and tribes Organized confederation of tribes Loyalty to higher, stronger lord but generally autonomous Outstanding cavalry forces

THE NOMAD’S WORLD

Central Asia 2000 – 1000 BCE

Indo-Europeans Obscure pastoral nomads Language Central Eurasian pastoral Lived in area around Northern Black Sea Northern Caspian Sea Language Is basis of Indo-European languages Now spoken on every continent Spoken by over ½ of world’s people Spread throughout Eurasia Left no written records Deeds remembered orally and written down later Often called chariot peoples Migration split culture into different branches Hittites were first in “Western” History

Proto-Indo-European Groups Chariot Peoples Indo-Europeans Indo-Iranians Indo-Aryans Chariot Peoples Domesticated horse Developed metallurgy technologies Created chariots, archery, cavalry Herded sheep, horses, cattle

Indo-European Languages and Groups Linguists cannot date divergence of branches Vocabulary included Mother-Father Mutter-Vater (German) Matar-Patar (Sanskrit) Madre-Padre (Spanish) Mater-Pater (Latin) God Dyas (Sky God – Aryans/Sanskrit) Zeus (Greek) Deus (God – Latin) Dios, Dieu (God – Spanish, French) Dream Soma – God of Dreams, Sanskrit Sonar – Dream, Spanish Fire, Combust Agni – God of Fire, Sanskrit Ignite – Explode, combust, English

First Migrations c. 4500 BCE c. 4000 BCE c. 3500 BCE c. 3000 BCE First Indo-European cultures north of Caspian Sea Sub-division into tribes with distinct cultures Early chariots, stone idols, stone circles Domestication of the horse c. 4000 BCE Indo-Europeans bury leaders in artificial hills with all belongings Anatolian migration begins c. 3500 BCE Animal husbandry, permanent settlements, hill forts Subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers. Beginning of Bronze Age c. 3000 BCE Indo-Europeans extend across entire steppe north of Black Sea to China Migration begins into Europe from the Volga to the Rhine River Rise of distinct, individualized cultures with distinct languages Anatolian (Hittite) and Tocharian (in Xingjian Province) Loose contact spreads technology

SPREAD OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS Red—settling up to ca. 2500 BCE Orange—settling up to ca. 1000 BCE SPREAD OF THE CHARIOT & HORSE

Break-Up and Spread c. 2500 BCE c. 2000 BCE c. 1500 BCE Rise of distinct proto-languages due to geographic separation and physical geography Proto-Greek is spoken in Balkans Proto-Indo-Iranian is spoken North of the Caspian Sea Bronze Age reaches Europe c. 2000 BCE Chariot is invented in its modern form Chariot leads to split, spread of Iranians, Indo-Aryans over Central Asia, Northern India, Iran Anatolian splits into Hittite and lesser languages c. 1500 BCE Proto-Germanic and Proto-Celts emerge in Central Europe, Scandinavia Proto-Celts become masters of bronze technology Proto-Italians migrate into Italian peninsula Rise of the Rig Veda and Vedic Culture in the Indus-Ganges River Valley Mycenaean civilization arises in Peloponnesian Peninsula. c. 1000 to 500 BCE Celts spread throughout Western Europe; Germanic culture arises in Scandinavia Vedic Age gives way to Brahamanism and Upanishads Medes and Persians establish Achaeamenid Empire in Southwest Asia Zoroaster arises in Iran and composes the Gathas; Homeric epics written in Greece Genesis of Italic and Greek alphabets Thracian, Illyrian, Dacian languages arise in Balkans; Hittite goes extinct

Eurasian Migrations

Migrations into europe

Later Migrations In Europe In Central Asia Celts to Iberia, British Isles c. 750 BCE Scythians, Sarmatians c. 500 BCE along Black Sea Germans 100 – 600 CE in Central, Western Europe Slavs 300 – 700 CE from Eastern to SE, Central Europe Scandinavian (Vikings) 600 – 900 CE along rivers, coasts In Central Asia Shang to China, c. 1500 BCE Bactrians to Persia, Afganistan 250 BCE Parthians to Persia 250 BCE Tocarians/Kushans to Afghanistan 100 BCE Sakas (Indo-Scythians) to Afghanistan, India 100 CE

Scythians & Sarmatians

THE CELTS Celts Rome and the Celts History Arose in Alps, Central Europe 1200 BCE Settled in France, Spain, Britain, Ireland Migrated into Italy, Balkans, Greece, Turkey around 1000 BCE Paul’s Letter to the Galatians = Celt tribe of Turkey Strong tradition of warfare, raids Civilization at Ancient Bronze Age similar to Mycenae Greece Some cities but generally fortified hill sites Grew wheat and barley and kept sheep, cattle and some pigs Developed crafts, strong artistic tradition; pottery Controlled salt deposits as source of trade Strong trade with Mediterranean, Greeks, Etruscans Developed Iron technologies around 1000 BCE Structures and hierarchies Organized into clans, tribes ruled by kings and druids Polytheistic, deified nature: priests = druids Strong tradition of bards, story tellers, ballads, heroes, saints Rome and the Celts Romans conquered Celts, Romanized Celts Caesar conquered Gaul; later emperors added Britain Organized Celtic lands into provinces, built cities Blended Celtic-Latin culture: Assimilation Exterminated Druid priests as they opposed Rome Ireland, Scotland retained independence Christianity reached Celts by 3rd century CE Irish Christianity never effected by collapse of Rome

Celtic Migrations

CELTIC WORLD CELTS BECAME Treveri Helveti Parisi Veneti Regni Iceni Caledones Celtiberi AND LATER Irish Welsh Scots Britons Cornish Manx

THE GERMANS Early Bronze Age History Society Christianity and Germans Original Homeland = Sweden Migrated into Germany, Denmark Sometimes allies, slaves of Celts later established independence of Celts Settled 2/3 of Europe Eastern Europe, Central Europe, steppes of Ukraine Pushed up to Rhine, Danube border Germans and Romans With defeat of Celts, Germans became threat to Rome Germans were stronger than Celts, defied Romans In 1st century, defeated Romans, remained independent Romans erected elaborate defense systems against Germans Late 3rd century: Germans become Roman mercenaries Late 4th century: Germans allowed to settle in Roman empire Society Agrarian society: small villages, fortified areas; some trade Strong tribes, loyalty to warlords; raiding very important Two classes: nobility and commoners; both owned land Women had many rights in Germanic society Religion was a militaristic bloody polytheism Christianity and Germans Missionaries moved, settled amongst Germans St. Ulfias converts Germans to Arian Christianity

THE GERMAN WORLD Teutons Became Goths Visigoths Ostrogoths Vandals Franks Burgundians Suevi Alans Angles Saxons Jutes Lombards Norsemen Germans Austrian Dutch Flemish English Swiss Swedes Danes Norwegians Icelanders

Germanic Migrations The Volkerwanderung

THE EARLY SLAVIC MIGRATIONS Slavs were Originally Part of the German World. The tribes were allied. When the Germans Moved West, Slavs Were ruled First by Huns and Later Independent. They filled Hun and vacuum.

Slavic Migrations Homeland: Pripet Marshes (Belarus) 400 – 650 CE Come to dominate Central, Eastern Europe Filled in for exiting Germans Spread across Carpathians 650 – 750 CE Spread into Southeast Europe, Balkans Byzantines too weak to prevent Bulgars (Turks) adopt Slavic customs Spread across Northern European Plain

Late Indo-European Steppe Peoples in Central Asia

BORDERS OF CHINA Relative Location Physical Characteristics Demography Korea, Vietnam borders of China Japan located off coast of East Asia Physical Characteristics Korea, Vietnam Mountainous, cut by river valleys Population located on plains Japan Volcanic islands, very mountainous Deep valleys with plains Demography Peoples related to Chinese Populace generally heavy on plains Rice was principal crop Cities exist but rarer than China Cities: centers of Chinese culture Countryside: resistant to Sinification

THE CONFUCIAN WORLD

Yue, yueh: who are they? Yangzi and South The Yue and the Chinese China: Two cultural hearths where agriculture arose Yellow River were clearly Chinese or Han The peoples south of the Yangzi were not Chinese Rice, yams cultivated; pig, water buffalo, chicken domesticated Strong aquaculture and use of sea-borne technologies 1st Wave: Voluntary migration to Taiwan, Philippines The Yue and the Chinese Ancient Chinese name for peoples south of Yangzi Chinese identify 100 different peoples Qin and Han push control south Increasingly brought under Chinese influence – language, customs Ethnic Chinese settled throughout area People forced to migrate to hills, leave area Second Wave: Westward into hills of Sichuan Third Wave: Southward into Vietnam

MIGRATION IN EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA Conquests by Qin and Han armies plus Pressure from Han peasants migrating To south began the migrations.

Malayo-Polynesians Theories for Origin Dates Migration Pressures They migrated from Taiwan, Philippines They migrated from New Guinea They migrated from Yunnan down Mekong Dates Hard to define Thought to be have begun around 2000 BCE Migration Pressures Over-population Technology allowed ease of sailing, navigation Areas Settled Indonesia, Philippines, Malay Peninsula, South Vietnam Madagascar, New Zealand, Hawaii New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia

Mapping Their Movement

THE POLYNESIANS: OCEANIC NOMADS Originated in New Guinea Developed shifting agriculture, portable agriculture Farm one area intensively, move on Raised banana, taro, sweet potato, fish, pigs, chickens Sailing Technology Double hulled canoes; central platform with sail Use stars, winds, wave patterns, air/sea patterns, islands, atolls, birds Migrated across island chains in boats By 1500 BCE settled Madagascar; by 300 CE Easter Island By 500 CE settled Polynesia, Micronesia, Hawaii By 1000 CE settled New Zealand – totally different climate Social Structures Migration needed to avoid overpopulation Depleted resources, shortages, environmental degradation, conflict Eastern Island was example of this problem Hamlet and villages Hamlets on volcanic islands, up to 5 houses; often one family Villages on larger islands, up to 30 houses; often an important chief, king Society organized by extended families, clans Many taboos or prohibitions, laws regulating societies Division of labor Men fished, women worked shore and land Coastal Polynesians traded fish for inland products

POLYNESIAN WORLD KEY 1. Polynesia 2. Hawai‘i 3. New Zealand 4. Easter Island 5. Samoa 6. Fiji 7. Tahiti

Oceanic Nomads

Micro, Mela, Poly-nesia Micro = Small Islands Mela = Black Islands (Volcano) Poly = Many Islands

EARLY KOREA Pre-Historic Korea Gojoseon Bronze Age Culture to 400 BCE Region had extensive Paleolithic, Neolithic settlements Evolved into pottery producing societies Evolved both dry field, wet field production of rice Practiced elite burial Gojoseon Claimed to be the first Korean historical state Founded c. 2300 BCE People were descendants of Altaic tribes migrating from Manchuria First capital was Liaoning but later moved to Pyongyang Bronze Age Culture to 400 BCE Feudal culture became centralized Agriculture expanded with new crops Iron Age Culture Warfare in China pushed Chinese refugees into Korea Refugees brought iron technology into Korea leading to collapse of state Period saw rise of culture in Southern Peninsula which traded with Japan Han China Qin and Han conquered Northern Korea, ruled them as four provinces Fall of Han saw Korea independent with three rival states Confucianism entered with bureaucracy

EARLY JAPAN Ancient Japan Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.) Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians (Ainu) from Northeast Asia Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into islands, pushed Ainu north Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans, 1st millennium BCE Shinto: Ancestor veneration with deification of nature, spirits (kami) Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.) Yamato clan claimed imperial authority The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang'an Adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, but maintained Shinto Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.) Moved to new capital Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794 Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family, bureaucrats Emperor did not rule; lived in splendid isolation along with court elite Chinese learning dominated Japanese education, culture The Tale of Genji Women contributed most to Japanese literature and writing Decline of Heian Japan Equal-field system failed; Aristocratic clans accumulated lands Rivalry between court nobility and landed aristocracy Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful clans, engaged in wars

Dai Viet or Vietnam Yue People Vietnamese State Later State Chinese name for Vietnamese Settled in Red River Valley Subject to Chinese rule until 900 CE Vietnamese State Many Chinese cultural forms But distinctive Vietnamese qualities Constant battle with Chinese Later State Pushed south along coast Settled Vietnamese peasants to farm rice, raise fish In early modern era, absorbed Champa Pushed up Mekong River against Khmer People

The Vietnamese & Champa Genetic Markers Indicate an origin in South China Southern Chinese (Yue, Intermarriage) The Thai, Malayo-Polynesians Originated as the Yue People of South China Came under increasing Chinese presence Migration to avoid assimilation Moved into Red River Valley Tributary to China for 1500 years From 500 BCE to 1000 CE were tributary to China Around 900 began successful revolt to throw off Chinese Vietnamese state expanded Expanded south along coast – absorbed related Champa Push inland from coast up to highlands Champa A Malayo-Polynesian state establish in South Vietnam