1. Migrations

2. BANTU MIGRATIONS

3. The Bantu peoples Originated in the region around modern Nigeria Agricultural Society Cultivated yams and palm oil Herded goats Population pressure drove migrations Spread to south and east Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct related tongues

4. Early migrations of Bantu (3000-1000 B.C.E.) Move south and west into the forest lands Absorb much of the population of hunter/gather/fisher people By 1000 B.C.E. occupy most of Africa south of the equator

5. Bantu rate of migration increases after 1000 B.C.E. appearance of iron Iron tools allow them to clear more land for agriculture Iron weapons give them stronger position

6. Early Agricultural Societies Of Sub-Saharan Africa Many other societies besides Bantu migrate Spread of agriculture to most of sub-Saharan Africa by 1000 B.C.E. Much mixing of cultures Religious differences by area – Some worship single, impersonal divine force representing good and bad – Many individuals pray to ancestors and local gods Watch the Migration

7. INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS

8. Indo-European Origins Linguists discover similarities between many languages they must be related Dark Green: majority of people speak IE languages Light Green: IE minority language with official status

9. Who were the Indo- Europeans? Originate in steppes of central Asia – probably southern Russia or the Ukraine Organized into small tribes pastoral people – Cattle were the primary measure of wealth Consumed dairy and beef products Calculated prices in terms of cattle – Domesticate horses learn to ride use horses with carts then chariots

10. Indo-European Expansion & Its Effects Indo-European society begin to migrate around 3000 B.C.E. Hittites settle in central Anatolia about 2000 B.C.E. – Build powerful kingdoms – Conquer Babylonian empire 1595 B.C.E. – Dissolve by about 1200 B.C.E. – Technology: light horse-drawn chariots (spokes) and iron metallurgy Some migrate into central Asia by 2000 B.C.E. Other migrations: Greece, Italy, central Europe, western Europe, Britain – All pastoral agriculturalists – All speak related languages and worship similar deities Later wave of migrations to Iran and India (“Aryan”) – Influence social hierarchy and religion

11. Watch the Migration

12. Harappan Society developed along the Indus river valley around 3000 bce Mohenjo-Daro developed along the Indus river Both very advanced cities and laid the foundation for future empires

13. Aryans  Indo-European – pastoral / agriculture  Sanskrit – sacred language  Prakrit – everyday language  Vedas – collections of religious and literary works – orally transmitted  Caste system – determined the places that individuals and groups occupied in society – patriarchal society

14. * Varnas – refers to social classes “color” * Brahmins – priests * Kshatriyas - warriors and aristocrats * Vaishyas – cultivators, artisans, merchants * Shudras – landless peasants, serfs * Untouchables – performed dirty or unpleasant task * Jati – subcastes – occupation largely determined this