Respiratory System Swenson

Organisms exchange:  Oxygen (O 2 ) and Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )  A. Heterotrophs and Autotrophs: (e. Humans and plants)  Need 0 2 for cellular respiration  Release excess CO 2 from cellular respiration

Examples of exchange of gases in Hetertrophs: Earthworms – diffusion through skin.

 Fish and Mollusks – gills (O2 that is dissolved in H2O

 Insects – through spiracles (holes along abdomen) that lead to a trachea. Hemolymph allows diffusion of gas into cells.

 External Respiration – Gas exchange in lungs.  Internal Respiration – Exchange at cells. Allows mitochondria to make ATP(Energy)

In the Lung At the Body Tissues External Respiration Internal Respiration

 Oxygen – carried by hemoglobin in RBC’s  CO 2 – carried dissolved in plasma, HCO 3  CO – carbon monoxide has a 20X higher attraction to hemoglobin then O 2. Can kill us by limiting our oxygen in blood.

 Parts of the Respiratory System:  Pulmonary Artery – Delivers deoxygenated blood to lungs  Pulmonary Vein – Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Structure Function Structure Function Nostrils Warm air Nasal Passage Warm, Filter, Moisten Air Moisten Air Pharynx Direct air to trachea Epiglottis Keep food out Glottis Opening to trachea

Larynx Voice Box Trachea Protect airway (cartilage rings) (cartilage rings) Bronchus Split to lungs Bronchial Tubes Branches of Bronchus Bronchioles Smaller branching Alveoli Sacs for gas exchange, delivery to the blood delivery to the blood

Capillaries Gas exchange Diaphragm Muscle to fill/empty lungs lungs Esophagus Food  stomach Pleural Membrane Sack around lungs, allows creation of a allows creation of a vacuum for “suction” vacuum for “suction”

Composition of Air Air InAir Out Nitrogen78%78.86% Oxygen21%16.3% CO %4.5% H2OH2OTracesSlightly more

Step Inspiration (in) Expiration (out) 1 Rib Muscles Contract Relax 2 Diaphragm Contracts Relax 3 Lowers Pressure Lung Tissue Shrinks Shrinks 4 Creating a Vacuum Forcing Air Out Average Breaths per minute = 18 Average Breaths per minute = 18

Liters Volume Explanation 0.5 Tidal Normal in and out breathing 1.2 Residual Air that cannot be expelled 1.6 Expiratory Air that can be forced out Reserve Reserve 1.6 Inspiratory Air that can be forced in Reserve Reserve 3.7 Vital Capacity Tidal + Expiratory + Inspiratory Inspiratory 4.9 Total “ + “ + “ + residual

Review  htm htm htm

 Can I kill myself by holding my breath?  Nope, I would pass out and then the “automatic” portion of my brain would start my breathing again.

Problems with the Respiratory System:  Hyperventilate – Rapid Breathing, not getting rid of enough CO 2

 Lung Cancer – primary cause smoking.

 Pneumonia – bacterial caused fluid in lungs

Emphysema – Breaking up of alveoli, fewer areas for gas exchange, “suffocating” for years.

 Bronchitis – Inflammation of the mucus membranes in the bronchi, causes more mucus production

 Asthma – immune system causes inflammation of bronchi. ssets/animation/toxicair_ lung.swf ssets/animation/toxicair_ lung.swf ssets/animation/toxicair_ lung.swf

Tuberculosis – Bacterial caused breakdown of lung tissue, coughing blood.

 Hayfever - an allergic reaction to pollen, dust or other irritants.  Suffocation – insufficient O2 to cells.  Smoking

Autotrophs: 1. Need CO 2 for photosynthesis 2. Need O 2 for cellular respiration 3. Release excess O 2 from photosynthesis Photosynthesis Equation: ORGANELLE - Chloroplast ORGANELLE - Chloroplast SUNLIGHT SUNLIGHT 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 ATP/NADPH ATP/NADPH ENZYMES ENZYMES

Cellular Respiration Equation ORGANELLE - Mitochondria ORGANELLE - Mitochondria ADP + P C 6 H 12 O O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + ATP C 6 H 12 O O 2 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + ATP ENZYMES ENZYMES

 How Roots do Gas Exchange:  O 2 is in spaces in soil  O 2 dissolved in water (enters plant through successive osmosis)  CO 2 diffuses into soil following cellular respiration from heterotrophs

 Stems:  Lenticles – small holes along branches, more on growing tips, allow O 2 intake and CO 2 release.

 Leaves - job is photosynthesis  Gas exchange takes place in the spongy and palisade cells.  A thin film of H 2 O surrounds these cells, allowing diffusion of gases.  CO 2 passes through stoma into cells  CO 2 passes out to the air

 Purpose of a Respiratory System?  To allow intake of O2  To allow release of CO2 