All information in this review is based on the development and changes within West Africa.

Timeline 500 BCE Nok people of W. Africa begin making iron tools. 400s BCE North Africans were bringing gold out of West African forests. 200s BCE The ancient city of Jenne-jeno is built on the Niger River. 300 CE First camels brought to the Sahara, making it more possible to cross the desert. 500 CE Kingdom of Ghana has come to power. 639-708 CE Muslim Arabs invade bringing trade and Islam to West Africa. 1203 CE Kingdom of Ghana falls due to economic and environmental problems. 1240CE The Kingdom of Mali comes to power. 1312 CE Mansa Musa, becomes King of Mali and becomes a devout Muslim. 1324 CE Mansa Musa goes on the hajj to Mecca. 1350s CE Timbuktu has become a significant intellectual center. 1375 CE Mali appears on a European map of West Africa. 1460s CE Sunni Ali conquers Mali and the Kingdom of Songhai rises to power. 1500s CE West Africans begin to be sold into slavery for the Americas.

How did the geography influence trade? Easy to access by boat Rivers allowed better transportation Climate was not as extreme as the desert.

Why did extended families join together to form villages Beneficial to work together rather than as competitors. Extended families created more products for trade.

What happened after iron was introduced? More effective tools helped farming production. Fewer people were required to work the fields. Over time other villagers created new goods to trade. As new goods were created each village continued to grow.

Empire Identification (G- Ghana, M- Mali, S- Songhai, A- all 3 of them) 1. Lasted from approximately 500s-1200s CE. ______ 2. King Mansa Musa led a pilgrimage to Mecca and drew the attention of Middle Easterners and Europeans. ______ 3. Its kings were not Muslim. ______ 4. Muslim citizens of the empire overthrew the king because he wasn’t tolerant of Islam and put in place a king who was a devoted Muslim instead. ______ 5. Lasted from approximately 1200s-1400s CE. ______

Empire Identification (G- Ghana, M- Mali, S- Songhai, A- all 3 of them) 6. Became the biggest and greatest trade empire of West Africa. ______ 7. Gold mining and trade helped bring great wealth to the empire. ______ 8. King believed to have special powers given to them by gods. ______ 9. Lasted from approximately 1400s – 1590 CE ______ 10. They cut down too many trees to fuel iron-making technology and their ruined environment contributed to the decline of their empire. ______

Which of the following was NOT brought to West Africa by Arab traders? a.) Islam b.) a system of reading and writing c.) the practice of ancestor worship

What makes Jenne-jeno such a significant place? a.) It proved that there were large cities in ancient West Africa. b.) It proved that there were no large cities in ancient Africa until Arab traders developed them. c.) It was the capital of Ghana, where the king collected taxes on gold and salt. d.) Its enormous mosque is celebrated for its architectural style and copied all throughout Africa.

Which of the following is NOT a change that Islam brought to West African society? a.) Laws became written down. b.) Succession of kings became patrilineal instead of matrilineal. c.) Calligraphy became an important decorative art. d.) People began to show respect for the spirits of their dead ancestors.

Which of the following was NOT a result of iron technology in West Africa? a) Trees became scarce. b) People were able to produce more food and further develop their civilization. c) Trans-Saharan trade became more possible. d) Warriors were able to defeat neighbors who had inferior weapons.

Challenges to trading North African trader: Traveling to Wangara you must crawl (to simulate the difficulty of crossing the dessert) across the Sahara Dessert. When a trader reaches Ghana, he or she gives one gold token to the Ghana offical and then walks to Wangara and finds a Wangaran gold miner with whom to trade. As the North African trader approaches the Wangaran, the Wangaran turns his or her back. Payment of the gold token to the Ghana official represents the tax Ghana charged goods coming into and out of Ghana. Turning your back represents the silent barter between North Africans and Wangarans.

What was the biggest challenge to trade between North Africa and West Africa? a.) People spoke different languages. b.) The Sahara desert was difficult to cross. c.) There weren’t enough camels. d.) There wasn’t demand for their different resources.

What is the social transition that happened because of the development of iron? Put the following phenomena in the correct order of development. ____ villages grew ____ ironworking developed ____ trade grew ____ more people were able to develop other trades like weaving or pottery ____ iron tools helped farmers work the land more efficiently ____ they grew more food

Gold and Salt Trade

Exchange of goods during trade

Ghana’s government

Ghana’s wealth

Influence of increased trade