Looking Back at Prerequisites Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world! Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask! Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable. Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis

Looking Back at Prerequisites Biology: the Study of Life What are the fundamental properties of life? Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life) Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.) Growth = irreversible change in size Reproduction…failure = extinction Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

Looking Back at Prerequisites Biology is multidimensional This array is an example of what dimension? Levels of Organization What fields of biology are at each extreme? Biochemistry and Biophysics In this course our focus will be upon… These levels but only in reference to plants Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem

Looking Back at Prerequisites Classification Domain Prokarya Eukarya Kingdom Bacteria Protista Or Plantae Plantae Phylum Cyanophyta Chlorophyta Anthophyta Magnoliophyta Class Prochlorophyceae Chlorophyceae Dicotyledonae Order Prochlorales Ulvales Rosales Family Prochlorococcaceae Ulvaceae Rosaceae Genus Prochlorococcus Ulva Rosa Species P. marinus U. lactuca R. multiflora Common MED4 Sea lettuce Wild Rose

Sometimes the binomial is not good enough! The species name is a Latin binomial Dead Language Universally known The Genus name and a specific epithet Example: Brassica oleracea mustard of the garden Sometimes the binomial is not good enough! So we add a Latin variety name as well (also known as subspecies) Several examples of members of species Brassica oleracea

Brassica oleracea capitata Cabbage: Brassica oleracea capitata http://www.blueoniondesign.com/blog/cabbage.jpg

Brassica oleracea acephala Kale: Brassica oleracea acephala http://www.hilltopfarms.org/images/kale.jpg

Brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea gemmifera http://www.vegetables.pe.kr/vegetablesgallery/leaf_vegetables/images/brussels%20sprouts_prince%20marvel.jpg

Brassica oleracea caulorapa Kohlrabi: Brassica oleracea caulorapa http://www.hrt.msu.edu/course/HRT204L/VEG_ID/kohlrabi.jpg

Brassica oleracea italica Broccoli: Brassica oleracea italica http://www.cloverseed.com.hk/web_clover_c/broccoli/broccoli_monterey.jpg

Brassica oleracea botrytis Cauliflower: Brassica oleracea botrytis http://green-acres.org/images/products/cauliflower.jpg

Brassica oleracea capitata cultivar names in home language and in single quotes ‘King Slaw’ ‘Two Seasons Hybrid’ ‘Earliana’ ‘Salad Delight’ http://www.burpee.com/jump.jsp?itemID=219&itemType=CATEGORY&iMainCat=13&iSubCat=219

How many species are there? What is a species? Animal species concept… if offspring are fertile then same species… does not apply among species of other kingdoms: Prokaryotes (no sex) Algae (sex sometimes unknown) Allopolyploidy in plants

Multicellular Animals Shifting Kingdoms Lumpers Splitters 2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Archaebacteria Archezoans Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

How Long Ago? Extant 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular cyanobacterial endosymbiosis 2 First Eukaryotes Extinct 3 Cyanobacterial Oxygen Long Time with Prokaryotes only 4 BYBP Origin of Life Original Cell

The Plant Kingdom Phylogeny Plesiomorphies - (but synapomorphies in clade) Eukaryotic flagella Chloroplast: double bounding membrane Chloroplast: thylakoids in stacks Chlorophyll a and b Starch for storage RuBisCO small subunit gene now in nucleus rRNA sequence unique to clade

The Plant Kingdom Clade unique flagellum, phycoplast Chlorophyta—green algae Hepaticophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Lycophyta—club mosses Sphenophyta—horsetails Pterophyta—ferns Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Coniferophyta—conifers Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc. Anthophyta—flowering plants open spindle, phragmoplast -eyespot oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata embryo, cuticle, apical growth protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores stomata true vascular, branching heterospory true root, true leaf monopodial branching heterospory heterospory pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds -flagella vessels reduced gametophyte flowers, fruits

The Plant Kingdom Clade: Viridiplantae Chlorophyta—green algae Hepaticophyta—liverworts Anthocerotophyta—hornworts Bryophyta—mosses Lycophyta—club mosses Sphenophyta—horsetails Pterophyta—ferns Cycadophyta—cycads Ginkgophyta—ginkgo Coniferophyta—conifers Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc. Anthophyta—flowering plants Streptobionta Embryophytes Stomatophytes Polysporangiates Tracheophytes heterospory Euphyllophytina Ligniophytina Spermatophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Why Study Plants? Anaerobic! Ancient Earth with Continents Ancient Oceans with Dissolved Molecules Ancient Atmosphere with Weather N2 - Nitrogen H2O - Water Vapor CO2 - Carbon Dioxide CO - Carbon Monoxide CH4 - Methane Gas NH3 - Ammonia Gas H2 - Hydrogen Gas H2S - Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Notice one gas is missing… O2 - Oxygen Gas Anaerobic!

A Timeline for Planet Earth Earth Formed First Eukaryote Algae Inverts First Life 0.003 bybp Australopithecus 4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 bybp Now 28 kybp Homo sapiens Dinosaurs Photosynthesis By Cyanobacteria chlorophyll light CO2 carbon dioxide H2O water O2 oxygen CH2O carbohydrate + + Aerobic Atmosphere Allows Our Kind of Life FeS - Iron sulfide Earth oxidizes to red color Atmosphere converts UV to Blue sky!

Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O light chlorophyll 1. Oxygen UVC light UVB light 3 O2 oxygen 2 O3 ozone 3 O2 oxygen 2. Ozone <200nm 200-320nm The ozone from oxygen absorbs the most-damaging UV light. The oxygen-ozone cycle serves as Earth’s sunscreen! UVA (320-400nm) does reach Earth’s surface and causes sunburn and aging. You still need to use your sunscreen and sunglasses!

Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O light chlorophyll 1. Oxygen 8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms 2. Ozone 9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics 3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat! 10. Flavors, Fragrances 4. Wood - Paper - Rayon 11. Decoration - Landscaping 5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp 12. Occupations - Advancement 6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4 Plastics, Drugs, Electricity 7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic

Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O light chlorophyll 1. Oxygen 8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms 2. Ozone 9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics 3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat! 10. Flavors, Fragrances 4. Wood - Paper - Rayon 11. Decoration - Landscaping 5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp 12. Occupations - Advancement 6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4 13. Decrease Greenhouse Gas Plastics, Drugs, Electricity 14. Drain Wet Soils 7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic 15. Provide Shade

Why Study Plants? Plants are sources of… Oxygen Ozone Food Wood and Paper Fossil Fuel Fiber Flavors and Fragrances Medicines Latex Resins Decoration Occupations Carbon dioxide sink Shade