1. KINGDOM: PLANTAE Chapter 20-25

2. Vocabulary Adaptation Alternation of generations Colonial Dicots Enclosed seeds Flowers fruit Leaves Monocots Multicellular Pollen Roots Seeds Stems Unicellular Vascular tissue

3. Green Algae, Moss, and Ferns Describe characteristics – p. 433-438, 448-452, 455-457 Benefits of alternation of generations – p. 440-441, 451-454, 458-459 Unicellular, colonial, multicellular algae diversity – p. 435-438 Ecological roles – p. 442, 460-461 Moss as pioneers – p. 449-453 Adapting to land – p. 452-453, 455-456

4. Gymnosperms Characteristics – p. 467-473 Adapting to land with respect to: alternation of generations, needles, seeds, pollen, vascular tissue – p.469-470, 473, 492-493, 534 Role of meristems in primary and secondary growth – p. 491 Economic and ecological importance – Chapter 49. p. 1063-1065

5. ANGIOSPERMS Characteristics – p. 473-476, 517-518, 534-539 Compare and contrast gymnosperms and angiosperms relating to adapting to land – p. 467-470, 473-474, 476-481, 508-511 Monocots and dicots – p.474-475, 539- 540

6. Characteristics of Plants 1. multicellular 2. eukaryotic -- have a nucleus -- DNA inside nucleus (in the form of chromosomes) 3. have cell wall with cellulose 4. aerobic 5. autotrophic (photosynthesize - have chlorophyll) 6. large (compared to bacteria)

7. Plant Evolution

8. Reproduction in Plants Sexual reproduction: go through 2 different life stages using a method called “alternation of generations Asexual reproduction: by fission, fragmentation or zoospores (motile spores)

9. Alternation of Generations A life cycle in which there are two distinct life stages that occur alternately for a species Stage 1 Diploid (2N – each cell has two sets of chromosomes) –Called the sporophyte –Produce gametes (= sex cells = haploid cells) by meiosis Stage 2 Haploid (1N – each cell has one set of chromosomes) –Called the gametophyte –Fuse to form a sporophyte (= zygote = diploid cells) by fertilization

10. Evolutionary Trends in alternation of generations Note that as plants have evolved into more complex, larger forms –The diploid stage is larger relative to the haploid stage –The diploid stage is the longer lasting stage in the life cycle

11. Adaptation to life in water No problem with: 1. dehydration 2. rapid temperature changes 3. extreme temperatures (narrower temp. range in the oceans) 4. support

12. Adaptation to life on land 1. keep membranes moist for gas exchange (e.g., roots in the soil) 2. support without buoyancy of water (e.g., woody stem) 3. transport water in the body (e.g., vascular system) 4. conserve water in the body (e.g., leathery tissues) 5. reproduction in a dry environment (e.g., pollination) 6. development of the early embryo (e.g., in a protective seed) 7. survive rapid environmental changes (e.g., dormant)