1. CHAPTER 1-INTRODUCTION 1.1 – Levels of Organization B. EcosystemAll organisms + nonliving components C. CommunityAll organisms in an area D. Population Individual living thing E. Organisms Group of individuals of one species A. Biosphere Where life is found on earth

2. G. Organs F. Organ Systems H. Tissues I. Cells J. Molecule Individual body parts Group of similar cells Unit of living matter surrounded by membrane Cluster of atoms Composed of related organs

3. Characteristics of Life l Organisms need sources of energy so their metabolism can function. a) Photosynthesis transforms solar energy in to chemical energy ● Must maintain homeostasis ● Organisms respond to their environment ● They need to be able to reproduce a) Pass on their genes to offspring ● Organisms have adaptations that help them to survive

4. Theory of Evolution A. Theory - a comprehensive idea with great explanatory power B. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection: 1. Organisms have heritable variations 2. They are exposed to an environment that favors the reproductive success of some varieties over others. 3. Next generation can be different from the first. 4. This goes on over many generations leading to big changes.

5. C. Adaptations 1. Inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. 2. Examples: a. Body armor on pangolin b. Its long tongue to eat termites with c. Blow hole on top of head of marine mammals

6. 1.2 – How Biosphere is Organized A. See previous levels of organization section B. Biodiversity is the total number and relative abundance or species in an ecosystem C. Extinction inherently lowers the biodiversity of any ecosystem. Humans may be the cause of the greatest mass extinction event in the Earth’s history

7. Interconnecting Webs A. All organisms and the environment are connected in a complex web of relationships. B. Examples: 1. Plants - provide food, trap CO 2, absorb nutrients from soil 2.Animals - eats plants & other animals 3. Decomposers - recycle dead matter back to nutrients used by plants

8. Differences between Flow of Energy and Nutrients NUTRIENTS Move from air and soil to plants, to animals, back to air and soil  Nutrients are said to CYCLE. ENERGY Flows in from sun continuously, gets trapped by plants, eaten by animals, and decomposed with heat lost along the way  Energy SHUTTLES

9. Nutrient Cycling & Energy Flow Loss of Heat Energy Air CyclingLight Organisms ofEnergy Nutrients Soil Chemical Energy Created and Used

10. 1.3 – How Living Things are Organized A. Taxonomy is the discipline that identifies organisms and attempts to classify them into groups based on common characteristics or other rules. B. Ways of grouping organisms: 1. Domains - highest group a. Bacteria Prokaryotes - no b. Archaeanucleus c. Eukarya---Have nucleus & organelles

11. C. Levels of Classification (From most inclusive to least inclusive) 1. Domains 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

12. D. Eukarya Kingdoms 1. Protists - consist of algae & protozoans a. Algae - mostly one-celled; do photosynthesis b. Protozoans - one-celled; must eat food 2. Plants - multicellular; photosynthetic; cells walls made of cellulose 3. Fungi - molds, yeasts, mushrooms. Decomposers. 4. Animals – multicellular; must eat; motile; no cell walls

13. E. Binomial Nomenclature Scientists assign each living organism a two- part name; a scientific name. a) First word is the genus b) Second word is the species epithet Examples: Homo sapiensSceloporus jarrovi Canus lupusTyrannosaurus rex

14. 1.4– Process of Science A. Observations – Looking at the world B. Questions – What do observations mean? C. Hypothesis – testable explanation Can be falsified but NOT proven. D. Predictions – stating the results of a hypothesis in advance of a test E. Test (Experiment) - A method of determining if a hypothesis is correct or not

15. Controlled Experiment 1. Process of carrying out two parallel tests: a. Experimental group – gets the treatment b. Control group – no experiment treatment 2. Experimental group should differ from the control group by only a single factor, called the independent, or experimental, variable. Everything else in experiment must be controlled for and be exactly the same. 3. You measure one or more factors which are called the dependent, or responding variables.

16. a. No. All knowledge is open to reinterpretation. Science amasses supporting evidence concerning testable hypotheses b. Hypotheses can be falsified and then modified &/or discarded. c. They are never proven 100% sure. 4. Is Science Proof of Hypotheses?