1. How Did We Make This Chart?
Extant
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaea
Bacteria
0.5
Land!
Plants 1
Multicellular
cyanobacterial endosymbiosis 2
First Eukaryotes
Extinct 3
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
4 BYBP
Origin of Life
Original Cell

2. The Plant Kingdom Clade
unique flagellum, phycoplast
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespot
oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata
embryo, cuticle, apical growth
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
stomata
true vascular, branching
heterospory
true root, true leaf
monopodial branching
heterospory
heterospory
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
-flagella
vessels
reduced gametophyte
flowers, fruits

3. How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics
Inferences from comparison of extant organisms
Characters-Attributes of the organism
Anatomy
Morphology
Development
Physiology
Macromolecule Sequences
Polarizing Character States
Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants
Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms
Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup

4.   OG A B C D E Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B
1. Petals
2. Petals
3. Petals
4. Petals
5. Sepals

5.   OG A B C D E Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

6.   ABCDE 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

7.   BCDE 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

8.   CDE 1 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

9. OG A  B  C D E
CDE
Problem: Sepals would be naturally next, but this will not resolve easily! 1 4 2
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

10. OG A  B  C D E DE *5
Solution 1: Could evolve sepals twice on lines to B and C… a homoplasy! *5 1 4 2
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

11. OG A  B  C D E DE
Solution 2: Could evolve sepals once before B and reverse it after C… a more biological parsimonious homoplasy!
5R* 1 5* 4 2
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

12.   3 5R* 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG AB  C D E 3
5R*
Problem: Taxa are not arranged by complexity 1 5* 4 2
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
autapomorphy
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

13.   3 5R* 1 5* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG AB  C E D 3
5R*
Problem: It is more parsimonious if homoplasy is for a simple character. 1 5* 4 2
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
autapomorphy
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

14.   3 1R* 5 1* 4 2 Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG AD  C  B 3
1R* 5
Solution: Look to make homoplasy in pigmentation or a growth character. 1* 4 2
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers: OG A B C D E
Total
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1 3
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1 5
3. Petals Pointed 1 1
autapomorphy
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1 4
5. Sepals Present 1 1 2

15. OG A E D C B 1 GrayR* 5 Sepals Present 1 Gray Petals* 4 Long Petals
3 Pointed
Petals
1 GrayR*
5 Sepals Present
1 Gray Petals*
4 Long Petals
This cladogram has six steps and one reversal homoplasy in a simple character
2 Six Petals

16.   1* 2* 3 4* 5* Character: Apomorphic State Phylogeny Flowers: OG AB  C D E 1* 2* 3 4* 5*
Character: Apomorphic State
Phylogeny Flowers:
This cladogram has fifteen steps and ten homoplasies!
Special creation is not parsimonious. OG A B C D E
1. Petals Gray 1 1 1
2. Petals Six 1 1 1 1 1
3. Petals Pointed 1
4. Petals Long 1 1 1 1
5. Sepals Present 1 1