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1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 starting with including including first then Roadmap Chapter 1 Page 1 In this chapter you will learn about Key themes to structure your thinking about Biology starting with including including What does it mean to say that something is alive? Two of the greatest unifying ideas in Biology The process of doing Biology 1.1 1.5 first then The theory of evolution by natural selection The cell theory 1.2 1.3 predicts The tree of life 1.4

If this is a Science Course, then the first thing we should learn is what Science is, right? tumblr_mczd4kLOuo1qgsgebo1_1280.jpg With apologies to: Nightmare Before Christmas

DOING BIOLOGY Big Picture Page 17 Figure 1.4 Observations (planned or involves the Characteristics of living things focuses on reveals The Tree of Life Evidence-based study of life 1.1 Describes the evolutionary relationships among species Energy Cells Information Replication Evolution begins with 1.4, Ch 28, Unit 6 1.1 Observations (planned or chance) Exploring the literature Sharing ideas with other scientists Inspiration provides Text section where you can find more information BioSkills 14 leads to lead to Defining a problem and forming a question leads to Society

Consistent experimental conditions Big Picture Page 17 Figure 1.5 Defining a problem and forming a question leads to Stating a hypothesis and a null hypothesis, and making predictions leads to Designing a study (either observational or experimental) to test predictions Characteristics of good experimental design usually involves leads to Controls Consistent experimental conditions Large sample sizes Gathering data 1.5

Big Picture Page 17 Figure 1.6 Scientific community Society Stating a hypothesis and a null hypothesis, and making predictions Discussions with colleagues Scientific meetings Peer-reviewed publications reject hypothesis; propose alternative hypothesis to leads to BioSkills 14 Designing a study (either observational or experimental) to test predictions to revisit assumptions of study Communicate findings leads to then Gathering data then Theory Explains fundamental aspects of nature Consistently shown to be correct after extensive testing Serves as a frame- work for developing new hypotheses leads to relate to larger Analyzing and interpreting data BioSkills 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 1.2 evaluated by asking such as Do the data support the hypothesis? Cell theory if NO if YES 1.2 and Theory of natural selection 1.3, Ch 25

Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world! Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask! Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable. Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis

Scientific Method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Analysis Decision revise re-test from different perspective Reject Cannot Reject after many cycles without rejection Hypothesis becomes Theory

We are all born as scientists and do the scientific method innately. As an example, we will walk through a more adult experience, and see how your natural reactions to the situation include almost instant application of multiple cycles of the scientific method! http://cdn2.bigcommerce.com/server5100/48dcb/products/43/images/116/scientificmethod__92804.1338919332.1280.1280.jpg

Scientific Method Bulb In? Bulb Burned Out? Power On? Switch Broken? Wire Shorted? Plugged In? Paid Bill? Bulb loose? http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3280/2783503789_70a1456f19.jpg?v=0 after many cycles without rejection Hypothesis becomes Theory Theory of Evolution Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Energy An Alternative Lamp Theory?

Louis Pasteur: Testing The Question of Spontaneous Generation French Biochemist and Microbiologist 1822-1895 Germ Theory of Disease Pasteurization of Food (60°C 30 min) Vaccinations against Rabies and Anthrax http://realmofbiochemistry.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/louis-pasteur-9434402-1-4021.jpg

Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells? Page 4 Figure 1.2 Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells? Cells arise spontaneously from nonliving materials. Cells are produced only when preexisting cells grow and divide. Pasteur experiment with straight-necked flask: Pasteur experiment with swan-necked flask: 1. Place nutrient broth in straight-necked flask. 1. Place nutrient broth in swan-necked flask. Cells Cells 2. Boil to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth). 2. Boil to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth). Condensation settles in neck No cells Cells No cells Cells 3. Preexisting cells enter flask from air. 3. Preexisting cells from air are trapped in swan neck. Cells will appear in broth. Cells will appear in broth. Cells will appear in broth. Cells will not appear in broth. Spontaneous generation hypothesis rejected Both hypotheses supported Cells No cells Cells arise from preexisting cells, not spontaneously from nonliving material.

A friend of yours calls to say that his car would not start this morning. He asks for your help. You tell him the battery must be dead, and that if so, then jump-starting the car from a good battery should solve the problem. In doing so, you are _____. summarizing observations about why the car won’t start. stating a scientific theory for why the car won’t start. offering a specific hypothesis and associated prediction to explain why the car won’t start. performing an experimental test of a hypothesis for why the car won’t start. Answer: C

How does the word theory in science differ from its use in everyday English? There is no difference—the usages are interchangeable. A scientific theory is always right and never changes. Scientific theories are testable explanations, not speculative guesses. A scientific theory can be confirmed by a single experiment designed to prove its accuracy. Answer: C

Observations: Figure 1-11 Page 13-14 Wild chilies produce fruits that contain seeds. Cactus mice are seed eaters. Curve-billed thrashers are fruit eaters.

Figure 1-11

Decision: The null hypothesis is: Rejected Conclusion?