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2. Student Center Theater
ECSU Biology Club
Meetings: Tuesdays, 5 PM, Goddard Lobby
House Party
9 PM November 13
Student Center Theater
Food etc.

3. Tropical Biology (Costa Rica)
May 20-31, 2008
Register for Bio 360 and 320 for Spring
$1900 approximate cost
Scholarships Available!
For more information:
Dr. Elliott or Dr. Szczys
G113 or Planetarium EML

4. Spring 2008 Registration Advising
Go to the office of your academic advisor… do not telephone her/him!
Danielle, Heather, Carlos: Media 224
Make an appointment… usually by sign-up sheet posted on the door
Freshmen (<30 cr): November 26-30
Sophomores (30-<60 cr): THIS WEEK!

5. Regulation of body fluids
Disposing of Wastes
Regulation of body fluids

6. Plant cells respond to their environmental solution
The plant cell wall prevents bursting. A plant cell is normally bathed in a very hypotonic solution. It takes in water until the cell is full.
plasmolysis
A plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution loses water. Ultimately outward flow stops when the cytosol concentration matches that of the solution.

7. Yearly changes in nitrogen and potassium concentrations in xylem sap of apple trees in New Zealand
blossom time
200
160
120 80 40 K
fruit harvest
µg element ml-1 sap N
Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun
sampling date
The range of concentrations are far greater than animal cells could tolerate

8. The concentrations of nutrients are regulated by the human liver
The circulation via the portal vein goes to the capillaries in the liver. These regulate blood concentration.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
The capillaries of the stomach and intestine absorb enough nutrients that would swamp animal cells.

9. This is a basic example of homeostatic regulation
The vertebrate liver absorbs excess glucose (forming glycogen)
And it releases that glucose when needed later
high
entering liver
leaving liver
Blood Glucose
normal
low
meal
rest
exercise
Time (hours)
This is a basic example of homeostatic regulation

10. The liver: O NH2 NH3 O=C HN ammonia =O urea NH uric acid
Regulates blood glucose levels via glycogen.
Converts fermentation-produced lactic acid into glycogen.
Interconverts carbohydrates into fats, conversions of fats, and amino acids into carbohydrates or fats.
Deaminates amino acids and converts the resulting ammonia into urea and uric acid and releases these nitrogenous wastes into the bloodstream.
NH3
ammonia
urea
uric acid
NH2
O=C HN NH =O O
Detoxifies a wide range of toxic chemicals including alcohol.
Produces blood plasma proteins: fibrinogen, prothrombin, albumin, globulins…recycles aging red blood cells
Produces bile for fat emulsification.

11. Ion concentration in sea water and body fluids (mM)
Na+
Ca2+ K+
Mg2+
Cl-
Sea Water
470
9.9
10.2
53.6
548
Marine invertebrates
Jellyfish (Aurelia)
454
9.7
51.0
554
Sea urchin (Echinus)
444
9.6
50.2
522
Lobster (Homarus)
472
10.0
15.6
6.8
Crab (Carcinus)
468
12.1
17.5
23.6
524
Freshwater invertebrates
Mussel (Anodonta) 14
0.3
11.0 12
Crayfish (Cambarus)
146
3.9
8.1
4.3
139
Terrestrial animals
Cockroach (Periplaneta)
161
7.9
4.0
5.6
144
Honeybee (Apis) 11
31.0
18.0
21.0 --
Japanese beetle (Popillia) 20
16.0
39.0 19
Chicken (Gallus)
154 6
2.3
122
Human (Homo)
140
4.5
2.4
0.9
100
What conclusion do you draw from this?

12. Which invertebrate shows osmotic regulation?
Carcinus
Which invertebrate shows osmotic regulation?
Nereis
Maia
Osmotic concentration of body fluids
Salt Water Brackish Water Fresh Water
Osmotic concentration of medium

13. Quiz 11--Lauryn Bonanno please see me.
One student missed only two questions, but I adjusted each earned score by three questions. So the 94.1% was increased to 102.9%. Two people therefore were at 100% or better…Congratulations!
The average quiz score after adjustment was 74.2%
The current average of course averages is 78.7% so we are still basically at the B/C border.
We are slipping a bit, however, and I attribute that change to the increasing number of late lab papers and the penalties associated with them. Please don’t torpedo your own grades.
Plantae: Vegetative due today before 5 PM.
First Draft of Term Project due Monday! If received the following Monday (after Thanksgiving) it will be a 70% penalty! OUCH! Jodi Lavoie please see me.

14. What conclusion do you draw from this?
Ion concentration in sea water, body fluids, and fresh water (mM)
Na+
Ca2+ K+
Mg2+
Cl-
Sea Water
470
9.9
10.2
53.6
548
Freshwater organisms
Brown trout (Salmo)
144
6.0
5.3 --
151
Crayfish (Cambarus)
146
3.9
8.1
4.3
139
Mussel (Anodonta) 14
0.3
11.0 12
Freshwater
0.65
0.01
0.2
0.5
What conclusion do you draw from this?

15. Freshwater Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
Saltwater Blue-spotted Grouper (Cephalopholis argus)
in hypotonic medium
in hypertonic medium
salts+ water
water
salts
water
salts
salts
isotonic urine
dilute urine

16. Fluid elimination per minute (µm3/100µm3 of protoplasm)
Amoeba proteus 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
contractile vacuole
Fluid elimination per minute
(µm3/100µm3 of protoplasm)
Osmotic concentration of medium
(% of seawater concentration)

17. The vacuole moves to the cell membrane and empties by exocytosis
Contractile vacuole filling
water
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
salts
The vacuole moves to the cell membrane and empties by exocytosis

18. Paramecium food vacuole emptying full empty
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
emptying
full
empty

19. Land Planaria Marine Planaria Cryptic Coloration: hiding strategy
Bipalium
Aposematic Coloration: warning strategy

20. Planaria excretory system Flame cell
NH3
Na+
H2O
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

21. Lumbricus terrestris

22. Each earthworm segment has its own nephridium
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

23. Earthworm (Lumbricus) nephridium
Ion pumping removes Na+
Na+
Water follows osmotically
H2O
Reabsorption into capillaries
nephrostome
H2O
Na+
NH3
NH3
Concentrated urine empties through the outside body wall
Pressure forces coelomic fluid into opening
nephridiopore

24. Polyplacophora: chitons
The most-primitive mollusc has 8 valves (plates) protecting its soft tissues beneath. The chiton foot attaches to rocks and the animal uses its radula to scrape organic material from the rock surfaces.

25. This cartoon shows a longitudinal slice of a chiton with the three principal parts: foot (locomotion or attachment), visceral mass (internal organs), and mantle (secretes valves).
dorsal aorta
gonad
heart
valve plates
pericardial cavity
(coelom)
hemocoel
ventricle
radula
auricle
mantle
mouth
anus
foot
digestive gland
stomach
nephridium
nephridiopore
ventral nerve cord
(not shown)
gonopore

26. How does a bivalve eliminate waste?

27. This cartoon is shows a plane of section perpendiular to the photo.
hinge and ligament
The foot can push a bivalve through sediments.
The food-trapping gills are used for gas exchange.
The heart pumps the blood into the hemocoel bathing the tissues. It goes through the gills for gas exchange. The blood then returns to the heart.
shell
heart
nephridium
intestine
mantle
gonad
gills
foot
Nephridia cleanse the blood of nitrogenous waste.

28. Insects use Malpighian tubules for waste elimination
midgut
hindgut (intestine)
crop
anus
rectum
mouth
salivary gland

29. Because insects have an open circulation system…
Waste elimination is more tied to digestion than to circulation
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

30. The renal excretory system in a male human (Homo sapiens)
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
prostate
Females do not have a prostate valve and have a shorter urethra

31. Longitudinal section diagram of a human kidney
renal circulation system
renal functional system
filtration and concentration unit for blood
collection and ducting
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

32. Nephron Structure and Function: similar to a nephridium
renal cortex
renal medulla
to renal pelvis
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

33. Glomerulus function: the capillary leaks water, ions, and waste molecules into Bowman’s capsule
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

34. Glomerulus structure: the proteins and blood cells are retained, but water, electrolytes and other small molecules are filtered out.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

35. Functions of the nephron:
filtration
active and passive recovery of salt
osmosis of water
concentration of urine
ducting for ammonia and uric acid elimination
Bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
distal tubule
cortex 10 12 8 6 4 3 1
solute concentration in hundreds of milliosmoles per liter
H2O
Na+ Cl-
collecting duct
outer medulla
Na+ Cl-
descending loop of Henle
urea
ascending loop of Henle
inner medulla
to renal pelvis

36. K/Na antiport ATPase transport protein
Active transport of Na+ against its concentration gradient
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
phospho- lipid bilayer
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
K/Na antiport ATPase transport protein
Na+
Na+
+ Pi
Na+
This is obviously not only active transport but also an antiport system

37. Plantae: Vegetative
The highest score was 104%. Congratulations!
Six people earned 100% or more! Congratulations!
The average on the exercise was 96.6%. Congratulations!
This average does not include the four papers that were late.
Your score will be included in the course average update on Quiz 12 to be given next week on Thursday.

38. Pictogram of movement through the nephron
salt
proximal tubule
Bowman’s capsule
water
distal tubule
urea
collecting duct
loop of Henle
to renal pelvis

39. Nephron: renal capillaries recover sodium and water into the blood after filtration of small molecules
proximal tubule
distal tubule
Bowman’s capsule
renal artery
glomerulus
collecting duct
renal vein
loop of Henle
ureter