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Tropical Biology (Costa Rica) May 20-31, 2008 Register for Bio 360 and 320 for Spring $1900 approximate cost Scholarships Available! For more information: Dr. Elliott or Dr. Szczys G113 or Planetarium EML

Quiz 6 Maximum score before adjustment was 93.9 (n=2) So two question adjustment was applied to your quizzes. The resulting average was 74.2 which was 3 points better than the Quiz 5 average. The course average includes all papers graded and returned to you. The average of averages is 81.0. This includes a couple of people who I think may have dropped. 1. Open up your Time Log to Today’s Green Page. 2. Hold it up until I signal you to put it down. I’m looking to see who has not got the first column filled out!

Biology: What is Life? life study of Properties of Life Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy Growth: cell enlargement, cell number Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion Reproduction: avoid extinction at death Behavior: short term response to stimuli Evolution: long term adaptation

Homeostasis - metabolism Nutrition Mode Energy Source Carbon Source Photoautotroph Light CO2 Chemoautotroph Inorganic chem Photoheterotroph Organic chem Chemoheterotroph All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes! Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.

How do Archaea tolerate the heat? Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups and more-hydrophobic core amino acids Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour! DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. DNA supercoiling by reverse gyrase reduces denaturation Sac7d in Sulfolobus is a minor groove protein increases the melting temperature by 40°C Histone-like proteins help stabilize DNA as well Heat-resistant di-bi-phytanyl diether lipid membranes (monolayer) prevent delamination of membrane

Cell Membrane Structure Composed of diglycerides R group may be phosphate, sulfate, or sugar Long chain branched hydrocarbon (not fatty acid) Hydrocarbons may be C20 or C40 If C20, the membrane is a bilayer: O R If C40, the membrane is a monolayer O R In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40 diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer

Thermus aquaticus Gram negative bacterium (not archaeon) Thermophile isolated from Yellowstone Hot Spring Optimum temperature 85°C Stability of macromolecules excellent Enzymes for research or commercial use Taq polymerase is the enzyme of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Lives near cyanobacteria which feed Thermus http://www.molgen.mpg.de/~ag_ribo/ ag_franceschi/franceschi-projects-30S.html http://sci.agr.ca/crda/images/BACTERI1.JPG

√ Which of these metabolic pathways is Thermus demonstrating? Photoautotrophism Photoheterotrophism Chemoautotrophism Chemoheterotrophism √ Hint: Organic chemicals for energy Organic chemicals for carbon

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Protista refined 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

How Many Kingdoms? Extant 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaebacteria Bacteria Protista refined 8 Protista appears 5 3 Extinct 2 1 Long Time with Prokaryotes only So what is this eukaryotic color code all about? Original Cell

How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism? Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria Pelomyxa palustris Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic) Phagocytosis active Uroid Accumulate glycogen reserves At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons! Glycogen body How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism? Vacuoles http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

How would you describe the metabolism? Euglena gracilis Posterior extension Mitochondrion Pyrenoid Nucleus Chloroplasts Paramylon grain http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/ Protein pellicle (striations) Contractile vacuole Eyespot Anterior invagination With internal short flagellum Long flagellum rooted here also (not shown) http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg

How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism? http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/paraav/images/10-16.jpg Trypanosoma gambiense Blood-borne parasite Nucleus Flagellated undulating cell Flagellum Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hosts Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism? http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/image/trypanosoma.jpg

Amoeba proteus A freshwater amoeboid protist Engulfing a Staurastrum green alga Amoeba proteus Food vacuoles Contractile vacuole The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis, but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell. How would you describe the amoeba’s nutritional mode? Nucleus http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg Mitochondria Pseudopodia How would you describe the prey’s nutritional mode?

How would you describe stentor’s nutritional mode? http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg Stentor polymorphus Funnel-shaped protist Cytostome rim is ciliated Food swept into alveolus Cilia Contractile vacuole Nucleus How would you describe stentor’s nutritional mode? Holdfast Micronucleus Macronucleus http://comuredsl.com/fotos/stentor.jpg

Oral groove not shown (on back side) Cilia Paramecium caudatum Cell Membrane A ciliated protist Trichocysts Oral groove not shown (on back side) Mitochondrion in cytosol Micronucleus Paramecium bursaria Macronucleus Contractile Vacuoles http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1998-05-23/Paramecium.jpg Food Vacuoles http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/BOT4404_1.html Paramecia can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic (at least functionally so)

Obviously both photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic! Ectocarpus siliculosus Marine haploid filamentous thallus with true branching. Produces haploid gamete by mitosis in gametangium: gametangium http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Ectocarpus.jpg chloroplasts Kingdom Chromista Obviously both photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic! http://www.biologie.uni-erlangen.de/botanik1/photobiologie/images/kap9/abb9-22.JPG

Chemoheterotrophic only! http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/potato_blight_s.jpg A water mold, Phytophthora infestans, was responsible for the potato blight that led to crop failure, starvation, and emigration of the Irish population in the 1840s. Kingdom Chromista http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEG%20files/potato.blight.jpg http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/wivegdis/images/potatoeb.gif Chemoheterotrophic only!

Porphyridium Cell Wall Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Nucleus http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg Cell Wall Cell Membrane Mitochondrion Both chemoheterotrophic And photoautotrophic! Nucleus Stellate Chloroplast Floridean Starch Vacuole

Only Photoautotrophic? Plant Cell: mesophyll protoplast (Cell wall was digested off by cellulase) cell membrane import/export chloroplast photosynthesis nucleus transcription replication vacuole toxic waste processing cytosol fermentation glycolysis Only Photoautotrophic? http://www.botany.wisc.edu/images/mesophyll-protoplast_lg.jpg

TEM or SEM? of a Plant or Animal Cell? http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/Chloroplast_and_microbodies.jpg

Plant mitochondrion matrix outer membrane inner membrane cristae (mesosomes) http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/mito1.htm TEM or SEM?

Chemoheterotrophic only! Animal Cell: Pancreatic cell http://www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/textbook/nucleus.gif endoplasmic reticulum internal transport 80S ribosome translation nucleus transcription, replication RNA Chemoheterotrophic only! DNA cytosol glycolysis, fermentation zymogen granule protein storage enzyme secretion mitochondrion Krebs, ETS, ox. phos.

Chemoheterotrophic only! Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi? Mitosis nearly complete Cytokinesis via furrowing (budding!) ? Cell wall: chitin not cellulose Chemoheterotrophic only! http://www.jhu.edu/iic/Yeast_1.png