1. Biology: What is Life? life study of Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation

2. Homeostasis - metabolism
Nutrition Mode
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chem
Photoheterotroph
Organic chem
Chemoheterotroph
All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes!
Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.

3. Photoautotrophs - photosynthesis
Ancient pathway, but not universal
Cyanobacteria, Algae, Plants
light
CO2 + H2O  O2 + CH2O
chlorophyll
Purple-sulfur bacteria
CO2 + H2S  Ss + CH2O

4. Cyanobacterial Vegetative Cell
cell wall
mesosome
cell membrane
cyanophycean starch
photosynthesis product
cyanophycin
vacuole
lipid droplet
polyphosphate granule
thylakoids
light reactions
nucleoid
cytosol
polyhedral body
Calvin cycle and starch synthesis
RubisCO crystals!

5. Artificial coloration of TEM image
But thylakoids shown as green would be natural!
The location of bacteriochlorophyll!
For the light reactions…
In a light microscope image:
Thylakoids would not be visible, so green color would appear throughout cytosol with nucleoid region lighter in color

6. Chemoautotrophs - N metabolism
Cyanobacteria, Rhizobium - N2 fixation
H+ + ATP + N2  NH4+
Nitrosomonas - nitrification
2 CO2 + NH4+  NO CH2O
Pseudomonas - denitrification
2 CH2O + 2 NO2-  N2 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O √
Which of these processes is demonstrating
chemoautotrophism?

7. Nitrosomonas -
internal membranes use NH4+ electrons in an ETS to produce ATP
ATP and protons used to reduce CO2 to CH2O

8. Rhizobium needs anaerobic conditions to convert N2 into NH4+
Legumes produce heme based molecules and rapid respiration to eliminate oxygen from root nodules that house the bacterium
“symbiosis”

9. Photoheterotrophs - strange
Bacteria: Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium
Light
C2H4O2-  2 CH2O
spirilloxanthin

10. Chemoheterotrophs - common!
Escherichia coli and most eukaryotes…even plants!
CH2O + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
Carbohydrate, etc. provides both
the energy source
and
the carbon source
What is another chemoheterotrophic organism? Give the complete Latin binomial!

11. Chemoheterotrophy Aerobic Respiration CH2O + O2  CO2 + H2O
Glycolysis carbohydrate to pyruvate (in cytosol!)
Citric Acid Cycle pyruvate to carbon dioxide (in cytosol or matrix)
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (in mesosomes or cristae)
CH2O + O2  CO2 + H2O
Anaerobic Fermentation
Glycolysis to pyruvate (in cytosol)
Fermentive step(s) to return NAD+ to glycolysis (in cytosol)
C6H12O6  C3H3O3-  C2H5OH + CO2
C6H12O6  C3H3O3-  H3CCHOHCOO-
Notice how fermentation can produce gas or acids…
These are just a few of the fermentive possibilities!

12. Cyanobacterial Vegetative Cell
I thought these were only photosynthetic??
cell wall
mesosome
electron transport sytem and oxidative phosphorylation
cell membrane
cyanophycean starch
fuel for repiration
cyanophycin
vacuole
lipid droplet
fuel for repiration
polyphosphate granule
thylakoids
nucleoid
cytosol
polyhedral body
glycolysis and
Krebs cycle
Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria…they became mitochondria!

13. Archea have Homeostasis
Facultative and Obligate Anaerobes and Aerobes
Nutrition Mode
Energy Source
Carbon Source
Photoautotroph
Light
CO2
Chemoautotroph
Inorganic chem
Photoheterotroph
Organic chem
Chemoheterotroph
Photoautotroph Calvin Cycle (Methanococcus, Pyrococcus)
Chemoautotroph acetyl-CoA or reverse TCA to fix CO2
Sulfur transporters used to drive ATP synthesis
Chemoheterotroph citric acid cycle, fermentation

14. Replicons have genes for: DNA polymerase Transcription factors
3 chromosomes
Main chromosome 2,015 kb
191 kb replicon
366 kb replicon
Replicons have genes for:
DNA polymerase
Transcription factors
Mineral uptake (K, PO4)
Cell division
The genome has many insertion sites
for foreign genes
Bacteriorhodopsin:
Protein + retinal
Amax 280 UV, 570 green nm
energy for proton transport and phosphorylation without photosynthesis!
Halobacterium salinarium
archaea/halobacterium/halobacteria_1.jpg
Aerobic Respiration
Up to 5 M (25% NaCl)!
Great Salt Lake, Utah
Red Sea, Asia Minor

15. Hint: it reflects the other colors of the spectrum
Periplasmic
space
Cell
Membrane
Retinal
lsu.epfl.ch/sh/bR_full.pdf
Cytoplasm
Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs green from the visible spectrum, so what color is the pigment?
Hint: it reflects the other colors of the spectrum
Alam/publications/PNAS96-ZHANG.pd

16. √ Which of these metabolic pathways is Halobacterium demonstrating?
Photoautotrophism
Photoheterotrophism
Chemoautotrophism
Chemoheterotrophism √
Hint:
Light for energy
Chemicals for carbon

17. Methanococcus jannischii
Isolated from “white smoker”
hydrothermal vent
2600m deep on the East Pacific Rise

18. East Pacific Rise Galapagos Islands

19. http://www. oceanexplorer. noaa

20. Methanococcus jannischii
Isolated from “white smoker”
hydrothermal vent
2600m deep on the East Pacific Rise
Methanogen
Obligate anaerobe
H2 as energy source
CO2 as carbon source
CH4 as byproduct of metabolism
Temperature: 50-86°C
Other archaeon species found in
cow rumen (first stomach)
Cow belches 50 L of methane per day
What does this electron micrograph tell you?
…about cell shape?
…about motility?

21. √ Which of these metabolic pathways is Methanococcus demonstrating?
Photoautotrophism
Photoheterotrophism
Chemoautotrophism
Chemoheterotrophism √
Hint:
H2 for energy
CO2 for carbon

22. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
75°C Optimum
Strict aerobe
pH 1 to 6
Oxidize Sulfur or can use Fe2+ or MnO42- as electron acceptors…uses glycolysis and TCA cycle

23. √ Which of these metabolic pathways is Sulfolobus demonstrating?
Photoautotrophism
Photoheterotrophism
Chemoautotrophism
Chemoheterotrophism √
Hint:
Organic chemicals for energy
Organic chemicals for carbon

24. How do Archaea tolerate the heat?
Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups and more-hydrophobic core amino acids
Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour!
DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.
DNA supercoiling by reverse gyrase reduces denaturation
Sac7d in Sulfolobus is a minor groove protein increases the melting temperature by 40°C
Histone-like proteins help stabilize DNA as well
Heat-resistant di-bi-phytanyl diether lipid membranes (monolayer) prevent delamination of membrane

25. Cell Membrane Structure
Composed of diglycerides
R group may be phosphate, sulfate, or sugar
Long chain branched hydrocarbon (not fatty acid)
Hydrocarbons may be C20 or C40
If C20, the membrane is a bilayer: O R
If C40, the membrane is a monolayer O R
In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40 diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer

26. Thermus aquaticus Gram negative bacterium (not archaeon)
Thermophile isolated from
Yellowstone Hot Spring
Optimum temperature 85°C
Stability of macromolecules excellent
Enzymes for research or commercial use
Taq polymerase is the enzyme of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Lives near cyanobacteria which feed Thermus
ag_franceschi/franceschi-projects-30S.html

27. √ Which of these metabolic pathways is Thermus demonstrating?
Photoautotrophism
Photoheterotrophism
Chemoautotrophism
Chemoheterotrophism √
Hint:
Organic chemicals for energy
Organic chemicals for carbon