Notes from Chapter 5 Psychology

Meditation Method people use to try to narrow their consciousness so that the stresses of the outside world fade away. Method people use to try to narrow their consciousness so that the stresses of the outside world fade away.

Meditation Part of some religious rituals Part of some religious rituals Helps people relax Helps people relax Helps lower Blood Pressure rate, heart rate, and respiration rate Helps lower Blood Pressure rate, heart rate, and respiration rate

Biofeedback System that provides, or “feedsback”, information about something happening in the body. System that provides, or “feedsback”, information about something happening in the body.

Biofeedback People can control body functions (i.e. heart rate) People can control body functions (i.e. heart rate) Produce alpha waves (relaxed) to cope with tension Produce alpha waves (relaxed) to cope with tension People have learned to treat tension headaches, lower heart rate, and blood pressure. People have learned to treat tension headaches, lower heart rate, and blood pressure.

Hypnosis Altered State of consciousness during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance. Altered State of consciousness during which people respond to suggestions and behave as though they are in a trance.

Hypnosis Some psychologists wonder whether hypnosis truly is an altered state of consciousness for the following reasons: Some psychologists wonder whether hypnosis truly is an altered state of consciousness for the following reasons: Some of the same effects achieved by hypnosis can also occur without hypnosis. Some of the same effects achieved by hypnosis can also occur without hypnosis. Brain wave patterns (EEG) show the same pattern as people who are awake. Brain wave patterns (EEG) show the same pattern as people who are awake.

Franz Mesmer…. Coined the phrase, “Mezmerize” in the 1700’s by using Magnets to cure His patients of unwanted aliments.

Hypnotism today…. Can be used as an anesthetic, in surgery. Can be used as an anesthetic, in surgery. Used to reduce anxiety, manage pain, or overcome fear. Used to reduce anxiety, manage pain, or overcome fear.

Drugs and Consciousness

Addiction In reference to drugs, an addiction means that after a person takes that drug for a while, his/her body craves it just to feel normal. In reference to drugs, an addiction means that after a person takes that drug for a while, his/her body craves it just to feel normal. Alcohol, Nicotine, and other drugs are addictive. Alcohol, Nicotine, and other drugs are addictive.

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Drugs Distort people’s perceptions, change their moods, or cause them to see or hear things that are not real. Distort people’s perceptions, change their moods, or cause them to see or hear things that are not real.

Depressants Slows the activity of the nervous system Slows the activity of the nervous system Alcohol Alcohol Small amounts may have little effect or may be relaxing Small amounts may have little effect or may be relaxing Large quantities- Lethal, or put people to sleep. Large quantities- Lethal, or put people to sleep. Intoxication- Drunkenness. Slurring of speech, blurred vision, clumsy, and difficult to concentrate. People may not realize they are intoxicated. Intoxication- Drunkenness. Slurring of speech, blurred vision, clumsy, and difficult to concentrate. People may not realize they are intoxicated.

Depressants Regular consumption of alcohol can lead to addiction. Withdrawal symptoms of an alcoholic are tension and trembling. Regular consumption of alcohol can lead to addiction. Withdrawal symptoms of an alcoholic are tension and trembling.

Depressants Narcotics- addictive depressants that have been used to relieve pain and induce sleep. (Many derived from opium plant) Narcotics- addictive depressants that have been used to relieve pain and induce sleep. (Many derived from opium plant) Morphine- Civil war, Soldiers disease was an addiction to Morphine. Morphine- Civil war, Soldiers disease was an addiction to Morphine. Heroin- “Heroic”; feelings of pleasure to deep depression. Impairs judgment/memory causes drowsiness, can lead to loss of consciousness, coma, and death. Heroin- “Heroic”; feelings of pleasure to deep depression. Impairs judgment/memory causes drowsiness, can lead to loss of consciousness, coma, and death. Codeine Codeine

Depressants Withdrawal symptoms of Narcotics are: Withdrawal symptoms of Narcotics are: Tremors Tremors Cramps Cramps Chills Chills Rapid Heartbeat Rapid Heartbeat Insomnia Insomnia Vomiting Vomiting Diarrhea Diarrhea

Stimulants Increase the activity of the nervous system. Speed up the heart and breathing rate. Stimulants include: Increase the activity of the nervous system. Speed up the heart and breathing rate. Stimulants include: Nicotine Nicotine Amphetamines Amphetamines Cocaine Cocaine

Stimulants Nicotine Nicotine Found in tobacco leaves Found in tobacco leaves Releases the hormone adrenaline Releases the hormone adrenaline Heart rate goes up Heart rate goes up Raises rate body changes food to energy Raises rate body changes food to energy Smokers don’t quit because of fear of gaining weight Smokers don’t quit because of fear of gaining weight Addictive as heroin Addictive as heroin Associated with serious health risks Associated with serious health risks

Stimulants Health risks for smokers: Health risks for smokers: 10 x likely to die of lung cancer 10 x likely to die of lung cancer Heart disease Heart disease Respiratory diseases Respiratory diseases Premature babies Premature babies Second hand smoke for other non smokers Second hand smoke for other non smokers

Stimulants Amphetamines are known for helping people stay awake and for reducing appetite. Amphetamines are known for helping people stay awake and for reducing appetite. First used in WWII to help soldiers stay awake during battle. First used in WWII to help soldiers stay awake during battle. “Speed” “Uppers”- pleasure in high doses “Speed” “Uppers”- pleasure in high doses Given through pills and injections Given through pills and injections

Stimulants Amphetamines side effects: Amphetamines side effects: May stay awake for days/usually “crash” after that high. May stay awake for days/usually “crash” after that high. High doses, insomnia, loss of appetite, irritability High doses, insomnia, loss of appetite, irritability Can experience hallucinations. Can experience hallucinations. Can experience delusions. Can experience delusions.

Stimulants Hallucination- a perception of a object or a sound that seems real, but is not. Hallucination- a perception of a object or a sound that seems real, but is not. For example, someone seeing thousands of bugs crawling on them. For example, someone seeing thousands of bugs crawling on them.

Stimulants Delusions- false idea that seems real. Delusions- false idea that seems real. For example: thinking you can fly. For example: thinking you can fly.

Stimulants Cocaine- Cocaine- From leaves of the cocoa plant From leaves of the cocoa plant Produces feelings of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain, boosts self confidence. Produces feelings of pleasure, reduces hunger, deadens pain, boosts self confidence. Physically: Physically: Blood pressure increases Blood pressure increases Oxygen supplies decrease Oxygen supplies decrease Speed up heart rate Speed up heart rate

Stimulants Cocaine is addictive and dangerous. Cocaine is addictive and dangerous. Freud first praised cocaine then realized addiction and the danger of the drug. Freud first praised cocaine then realized addiction and the danger of the drug. Crack is a form of cocaine. Overdoses and stronger form, but impure. Crack is a form of cocaine. Overdoses and stronger form, but impure.

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Hallucinogens Drugs that produces hallucinations, that may cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure, could cause panic. Drugs that produces hallucinations, that may cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure, could cause panic. Marijuana- from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant Marijuana- from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant Feelings of relaxation and mild hallucinations Feelings of relaxation and mild hallucinations Hash comes from the sticky part of the plant. (stronger then marijuana) Hash comes from the sticky part of the plant. (stronger then marijuana)

Hallucinogens Marijuana-impairs perception/coordination making it difficult to operate machines (cars). Marijuana-impairs perception/coordination making it difficult to operate machines (cars). Anxiety and confusion Anxiety and confusion Threat to people with high blood pressure Threat to people with high blood pressure Effect on consciousness: Effect on consciousness: Time is passing by slowly Time is passing by slowly Increased bodily sensations Increased bodily sensations Visual hallucinations (fear of losing yourselves) Visual hallucinations (fear of losing yourselves)

Hallucinogens LSD- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide LSD- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Nickname: “Acid” Nickname: “Acid” Intense hallucinations Intense hallucinations Sometimes makes the user believe they have expanded their consciousness, believe they have achieved great insights Sometimes makes the user believe they have expanded their consciousness, believe they have achieved great insights Effects are unpredictable: people injure themselves and commit suicide. Effects are unpredictable: people injure themselves and commit suicide.

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Hallucinogens Effects of LSD: Effects of LSD: Memory loss Memory loss Violent outbursts Violent outbursts Nightmares Nightmares Feelings of panic Feelings of panic Flashbacks Flashbacks These are hallucinations that happen weeks, months, or years after taking the drug. These are hallucinations that happen weeks, months, or years after taking the drug.

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Treatments for Drug Abuse Detoxification- removal of the harmful substance from the body, weaning addicts from the drug while restoring their health. Detoxification- removal of the harmful substance from the body, weaning addicts from the drug while restoring their health. Most commonly used with people addicted to alcohol and narcotics. Most commonly used with people addicted to alcohol and narcotics.

Treatments for Drug Abuse Maintenance Programs- (narcotics users) Maintenance Programs- (narcotics users) Given controlled and less dangerous amounts of the drug or some less addictive substance. Given controlled and less dangerous amounts of the drug or some less addictive substance. Controversial because users never become completely drug free. Controversial because users never become completely drug free.

Treatments for Drug Abuse Counseling- individual or group. Stimulant and depressant abuse Counseling- individual or group. Stimulant and depressant abuse

Treatments for Drug Abuse Support groups- several people who share common experiences, concerns, or problems. Emotional and moral support. Support groups- several people who share common experiences, concerns, or problems. Emotional and moral support.