1. Consciousness Chapter 5

2. Conscious Conscious-awareness of senses, self, and environment Conscious-awareness of senses, self, and environment Conscious is a psychological construct – something we can not see touch or measure. Intelligence and emotion are also constructs because they effect behavior Conscious is a psychological construct – something we can not see touch or measure. Intelligence and emotion are also constructs because they effect behavior Believed that there was no value in studying, can’t be measured Believed that there was no value in studying, can’t be measured It can be studied because it is linked with measurable behaviors such as talking It can be studied because it is linked with measurable behaviors such as talking We become conscious of sudden changes, unusual stimuli, and intense stimuli We become conscious of sudden changes, unusual stimuli, and intense stimuli

3. Levels of Consciousness Preconscious is not in your awareness now, but you could recall them if you had to by drawing attention to them ( What did you do last weekend) Preconscious is not in your awareness now, but you could recall them if you had to by drawing attention to them ( What did you do last weekend) Unconscious information stored in your mind but unable to access Unconscious information stored in your mind but unable to access Freud stated we use these mental strategies (defense mechanisms) to push painful or unacceptable ideas out of conscious Freud stated we use these mental strategies (defense mechanisms) to push painful or unacceptable ideas out of conscious Nonconscious- basic biological functions ( breathing, heart beat, growing) Nonconscious- basic biological functions ( breathing, heart beat, growing)

4. Sleep and Dreams Why sleep? Build resistence to infection, reccorver from stress, brain organizes information Why sleep? Build resistence to infection, reccorver from stress, brain organizes information Brain waves measured by electroencephalograph (EEG) Brain waves measured by electroencephalograph (EEG) Stage 1 sleep Stage 1 sleep is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. Stage 1 sleep Stage 1 sleep is experienced as falling to sleep and is a transition stage between wake and sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. Stage 2 sleep Stage 2 sleep follows stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle Stage 2 sleep Stage 2 sleep follows stage 1 sleep and is the "baseline" of sleep. This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle approximately 45-60% of sleep. approximately 45-60% of sleep. Awake Low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves Drowsy Alpha waves prominent Stage 1 Sleep Theta waves prominent Stage 2 Sleep Sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep) Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown) REM sleep

5. Stage 3 and 4 or Delta sleep Stage 2 sleep evolves into "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep in approximately 10-20 minutes and may last 15-30 minutes. It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm of 1 to 2 cycles per second called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically. Stage 3 and 4 or Delta sleep Stage 2 sleep evolves into "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep in approximately 10-20 minutes and may last 15-30 minutes. It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of stage 2 to a much slower rhythm of 1 to 2 cycles per second called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically. In most adults these two stages are completed within the first two 90 minute sleep cycles or within the first three hours of sleep. In most adults these two stages are completed within the first two 90 minute sleep cycles or within the first three hours of sleep. is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. It is delta sleep that a sleep deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. It is delta sleep that a sleep deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unwakeable or "dead asleep" during most of the night. In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unwakeable or "dead asleep" during most of the night. Awake Low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves Drowsy Alpha waves prominent Stage 1 Sleep Theta waves prominent Stage 2 Sleep Sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep) Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown) REM sleep

6. Stage 5 sleep REM (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep): a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20- 25 % of a normal nights sleep. Stage 5 sleep REM (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep): a very active stage of sleep. Composes 20- 25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. Sleep Specialists call this 5th stage of sleep "REM" rapid eye movement sleep because if one is to watch a person in this stage, their eyes are moving rapidly about. Vivid Dreams can occur. Sleep Specialists call this 5th stage of sleep "REM" rapid eye movement sleep because if one is to watch a person in this stage, their eyes are moving rapidly about. After REM stage, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. After REM stage, the body usually returns to stage 2 sleep. During the deep stages of NREM sleep, the body repairs and regenerates tissues, builds bone and muscle, and appears to strengthen the immune system. During the deep stages of NREM sleep, the body repairs and regenerates tissues, builds bone and muscle, and appears to strengthen the immune system. As you get older, you sleep more lightly and get less deep sleep. As you get older, you sleep more lightly and get less deep sleep. Typical night go through these stages 5 times per night Typical night go through these stages 5 times per night Awake Low-voltage, high- frequency beta waves Drowsy Alpha waves prominent Stage 1 Sleep Theta waves prominent Stage 2 Sleep Sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity Slow wave sleep (stage 3 and stage 4 sleep) Progressively more delta waves (stage 4 shown) REM sleep

7. Why do we need sleep? To repair body To repair body Reduces stress Reduces stress 1964 test 17 year old stayed awake for 11 days irratible, could not focus his eyes, had speech difficulties 1964 test 17 year old stayed awake for 11 days irratible, could not focus his eyes, had speech difficulties How Much Sleep Do You Need? How Much Sleep Do You Need? depends on the individual. depends on the individual. The need for sleep depends on various factors, one of which is age. The need for sleep depends on various factors, one of which is age. Infants usually require about 16-18 hours of sleep per day, Infants usually require about 16-18 hours of sleep per day, while teenagers need about 9 hours per day on average. while teenagers need about 9 hours per day on average. Most adults need about 7-8 hours of sleep per day. Most adults need about 7-8 hours of sleep per day.

8. The Consequences of Too Little Sleep Too little sleep may cause: Too little sleep may cause: Impaired memory and thought processes. Impaired memory and thought processes. Depression. Depression. Decreased immune response. Decreased immune response. Sleep deprivation also increases pain perception on pain simulation testing. Sleep deprivation also increases pain perception on pain simulation testing. Caffeine and other stimulants can temporarily overcome the effects of severe sleep deprivation, but cannot do so for extended periods of time. Caffeine and other stimulants can temporarily overcome the effects of severe sleep deprivation, but cannot do so for extended periods of time.

9. Sleep Problems Dreams- M M M M M eeee aaaa nnnn iiii nnnn gggg o o o o ffff D D D D rrrr eeee aaaa mmmm ssss Insomnia unable to sleep, usually happens to people in times of stress Nightmares- bad dreams Night terrors- more severe than night mares, breath heavy, talk out loud and even thrash around Sleep walking- walk around and can respond while sleeping and have memory of events when awaken Sleep apnea- breathing interruption during sleep Narcolepsy-suddenly fall asleep no matter what time or place

10. Drugs and Consciousness Drugs Drugs distort people’s perceptions, changes their moods, or causes them to see and hear things that are not real Addiction- Addiction- after taking a drug the body craves it to feel normal

11. Depressants- drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system. Depressants- drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system. Alcohol in small amount relaxes a person, larger amounts can put the person to sleep, too much alcohol can be lethal. Alcohol in small amount relaxes a person, larger amounts can put the person to sleep, too much alcohol can be lethal. Intoxication slurs speech, blurs vision and makes people clumsy. Intoxication slurs speech, blurs vision and makes people clumsy. Drinkers may do things they normally would not do. Drinkers may do things they normally would not do. Alcohol limits a person’s ability to focus on consequences. Alcohol limits a person’s ability to focus on consequences. If addicted, people may drink to avoid withdraw symptoms of sickness and shaking If addicted, people may drink to avoid withdraw symptoms of sickness and shaking Narcotics- used to relieve pain (morphine, heroin, codein) very adictive. Narcotics- used to relieve pain (morphine, heroin, codein) very adictive. Morphine used on soldiers in Civil War. Morphine used on soldiers in Civil War. Heroin can cause feelings of pleasure but can plunge user into a deep depression when coming off the drug. Herione can also slow the respitory system and cause a coma or even death Heroin can cause feelings of pleasure but can plunge user into a deep depression when coming off the drug. Herione can also slow the respitory system and cause a coma or even death

12. Stimulants- increase activity of the nervous system Stimulants- increase activity of the nervous system Nicotine casues heart rate to go up making people feel alert but does not improve the ability to perform difficult tasks. Nicotine casues heart rate to go up making people feel alert but does not improve the ability to perform difficult tasks. Withdrawl symtoms include nervousness, drowsiness, headaches, insomnia, tremors, and sweating. Withdrawl symtoms include nervousness, drowsiness, headaches, insomnia, tremors, and sweating. Smokers are about 10 times as likely to die of lung cancer. Smokers are about 10 times as likely to die of lung cancer. Pregnant women who smoke risk miscarrages, pre-mature birth, and birth defects. Pregnant women who smoke risk miscarrages, pre-mature birth, and birth defects. Amphetamines- stimulant which helps people stay awake longer and reduce appetite. Amphetamines- stimulant which helps people stay awake longer and reduce appetite. Higher doses give feelings of pleasure. Higher doses give feelings of pleasure. Can also cause hallucinations, see an object but not real or a delusion- a false idea that seems real. Can also cause hallucinations, see an object but not real or a delusion- a false idea that seems real. Prolonged uses can cause a “Crash” where they sleep for days or fall into a deep depression which can cause a suicide. Prolonged uses can cause a “Crash” where they sleep for days or fall into a deep depression which can cause a suicide. Examples include Cocaine or impure Crack. Examples include Cocaine or impure Crack.

13. Hallucinogens- drug that produces hallucinations, relaxes, feelings of pleasure or panic Hallucinogens- drug that produces hallucinations, relaxes, feelings of pleasure or panic Marijuana impares perception, coordination, memory, and learning. It increases heart rate and is a threat to people with high blood pressure Marijuana impares perception, coordination, memory, and learning. It increases heart rate and is a threat to people with high blood pressure

14. Treatment for Drug Abuse Treatment includes detoxification, maintenance programs and therapy. Detoxification- remove harmful substance from the body Maintenance Programs- people given controlled amounts of the substance of drug. Sometimes never get off drug Support Groups people who share common experiences and problems. Encourage people to live without drugs