Case Study: Politics in Nigeria Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Country Bio: Nigeria Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Politics in Nigeria  Nigeria = megastate in African context  Major Country  Over 1/5 th of the people in Africa  World’s largest black population  Petroleum  Standing military force of substance  Over 100 universities  Nigeria = megastate in African context  Major Country  Over 1/5 th of the people in Africa  World’s largest black population  Petroleum  Standing military force of substance  Over 100 universities Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Current Policy Challenges  Nigeria – question of future of country  Ethnic, regional, religious divisions intensifying  1999: Nigeria returned to civilian rule  Wealthy country, fails to provide basic needs: education, potable water, reliable transportation, communications  Ranked one of poorest, most corrupt nations  Nigeria – question of future of country  Ethnic, regional, religious divisions intensifying  1999: Nigeria returned to civilian rule  Wealthy country, fails to provide basic needs: education, potable water, reliable transportation, communications  Ranked one of poorest, most corrupt nations Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Effects of History  Enduring Effects of Precolonial Events  Early empires of Nigeria: complex political systems  Colonial Interlude ( )  Conference of Berlin 1884: divided Africa  Nigeria brought together as single entity 1914  Unifying action largely symbolic  Southern and Northern conflict  Modern constitutional development 1922  Created federal system 1954 with 3 regions  Became self-governing  Enduring Effects of Precolonial Events  Early empires of Nigeria: complex political systems  Colonial Interlude ( )  Conference of Berlin 1884: divided Africa  Nigeria brought together as single entity 1914  Unifying action largely symbolic  Southern and Northern conflict  Modern constitutional development 1922  Created federal system 1954 with 3 regions  Became self-governing Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Effects of History  Nigerian Independence  October 1, 1960  Conflict tore apart ruling coalition in Western Region  National census  1965: law and order broke down in Western Region over election-related fraud, violence  Military ended First Republic in January 1966 coup  Nigerian Independence  October 1, 1960  Conflict tore apart ruling coalition in Western Region  National census  1965: law and order broke down in Western Region over election-related fraud, violence  Military ended First Republic in January 1966 coup Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Environmental Potential and Limitations  Conditions Affecting Agricultural production and the Sale of Primary Commodities  British developed Nigerian economy to be compatible with them  South – cocoa, palm oil, timber, rubber  North – cattle, hides, cotton, peanuts  Had to diversify economy  Disease: malaria is debilitating, river-borne diseases, HIV  Population Growth: almost half of population age 15 or less  Conditions Affecting Agricultural production and the Sale of Primary Commodities  British developed Nigerian economy to be compatible with them  South – cocoa, palm oil, timber, rubber  North – cattle, hides, cotton, peanuts  Had to diversify economy  Disease: malaria is debilitating, river-borne diseases, HIV  Population Growth: almost half of population age 15 or less Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Environmental Potential and Limitations  Urbanization: rapidly urbanizing, strain on infrastructure, less agricultural labor  Petroleum: accounts for 90% of exports  Geographic Distribution of Natural Resources Political Effects: oil concentrated in Niger Delta, locals protest sharing wealth  The International Environment: third world experience, high debt  Urbanization: rapidly urbanizing, strain on infrastructure, less agricultural labor  Petroleum: accounts for 90% of exports  Geographic Distribution of Natural Resources Political Effects: oil concentrated in Niger Delta, locals protest sharing wealth  The International Environment: third world experience, high debt Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Culture and Subcultures  Ethnic identity: absence of reliable census data  Hausa-Fulani: mostly northern half of Nigeria  Igbo (Ilbo): southeastern, responsive to western culture  Yoruba: Lagos, Oba, lineage chiefs and British  Religion  Christianity, Islam, traditional institutions  Ethnic identity: absence of reliable census data  Hausa-Fulani: mostly northern half of Nigeria  Igbo (Ilbo): southeastern, responsive to western culture  Yoruba: Lagos, Oba, lineage chiefs and British  Religion  Christianity, Islam, traditional institutions Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Culture and Subculture  The Evolution of Nigerian Nationalism: 3 major sources  Freed slaves, others of African descent from Caribbean  Nigerians who fought for British in WWII  Nigerians who studied in UK, US  Democratic Norms and Values: little tolerance for opposition, support for democracy high  The Political Role of Women: position of women varies immensely  Political Corruption: pervasive  The Evolution of Nigerian Nationalism: 3 major sources  Freed slaves, others of African descent from Caribbean  Nigerians who fought for British in WWII  Nigerians who studied in UK, US  Democratic Norms and Values: little tolerance for opposition, support for democracy high  The Political Role of Women: position of women varies immensely  Political Corruption: pervasive Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Boko Haram : BBC News reportBBC News report Boko Haram

Political Socialization  The family  Polygamy  Kinship, sense of identity  Schools: viewed as important, expected from government  The Mass Media: independent press, radio, TV  The State  The family  Polygamy  Kinship, sense of identity  Schools: viewed as important, expected from government  The Mass Media: independent press, radio, TV  The State Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Recruitment  Northerners dominated leadership of country under military, civilian rule  Military power  Role of Nigerian universities  Civil service  No recruitment of strangers  Federal character of appointments of military personnel  Ethnic politics still dominate  Northerners dominated leadership of country under military, civilian rule  Military power  Role of Nigerian universities  Civil service  No recruitment of strangers  Federal character of appointments of military personnel  Ethnic politics still dominate Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Structure  The Development of the Constitution of 1999  Election of 1993  Succession of military regimes  Federalism: established 1954  Self-governing: Eastern, Western, North  All levels derive funds from national oil monopoly, money distributed by national government  The Development of the Constitution of 1999  Election of 1993  Succession of military regimes  Federalism: established 1954  Self-governing: Eastern, Western, North  All levels derive funds from national oil monopoly, money distributed by national government Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Presidents of Nigeria Obasanjo Yar’Adua

President Goodluck Jonathan

Political Structure  Parliamentary versus Presidential Government  Pluralism, lack of trust by subcultures  No institutional structure can overcome roadblock  Judiciary  Federal, state courts integrated into single system of trial, appeals courts  Independent judiciary survived throughout military regimes  Traditional authorities maintain greatest influence in judicial role  Parliamentary versus Presidential Government  Pluralism, lack of trust by subcultures  No institutional structure can overcome roadblock  Judiciary  Federal, state courts integrated into single system of trial, appeals courts  Independent judiciary survived throughout military regimes  Traditional authorities maintain greatest influence in judicial role Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Interest Articulation  Ethnic and Religious Associations  Associational Groups  Trade unions  Professional organizations  Civil society groups  Nonassociational groups  Kaduna Mafia  Patron-Client Networks  Clientelism  Ethnic and Religious Associations  Associational Groups  Trade unions  Professional organizations  Civil society groups  Nonassociational groups  Kaduna Mafia  Patron-Client Networks  Clientelism Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Political Participation  Great range in activity  Voting: 52% 1999, 69% 2003  Violence, political party thugs  Rise in honest, responsive institutions  Great range in activity  Voting: 52% 1999, 69% 2003  Violence, political party thugs  Rise in honest, responsive institutions Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Parties and Elections  National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCGC): nationalist party 1944  Regional Parties:  Northern People’s Congress (NPC)  All People’s Party (APP)  Alliance for Democracy (AD)  1993: party activities banned, except 5 artificially created parties  1998, 1999 elections: parties required to show nationwide organization  Ethnic Solidarity and Party Loyalty: drives political organizing  National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCGC): nationalist party 1944  Regional Parties:  Northern People’s Congress (NPC)  All People’s Party (APP)  Alliance for Democracy (AD)  1993: party activities banned, except 5 artificially created parties  1998, 1999 elections: parties required to show nationwide organization  Ethnic Solidarity and Party Loyalty: drives political organizing Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Policy Formation and Implementation  Extractive Performance  Fiscal system  Revenues from oil  Distributive Performance  Potential to be rich, but remains poor  Education  Dealing with Debt and Structural Adjustment  Regulative performance  The Census issue  Conclusions on Performance  Curse of oil  Extractive Performance  Fiscal system  Revenues from oil  Distributive Performance  Potential to be rich, but remains poor  Education  Dealing with Debt and Structural Adjustment  Regulative performance  The Census issue  Conclusions on Performance  Curse of oil Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nigeria in Africa and in the World  Has population, resources to be regional power, substantial military power  Economic Community of West African States  Free trade zones  Critic of international organizations’ monetary policy: World Bank, IMF  France: closer economic ties  US, Britain: condemnation of military rulers  Has population, resources to be regional power, substantial military power  Economic Community of West African States  Free trade zones  Critic of international organizations’ monetary policy: World Bank, IMF  France: closer economic ties  US, Britain: condemnation of military rulers Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prospects for Development  Political, economic setbacks  Few have gotten rich, too many poor  Oil wealth exacerbates problem because money accrues to national government  Emergence of vigorous private sector  Environmental destruction of oil  Regions unharmonious  Political, economic setbacks  Few have gotten rich, too many poor  Oil wealth exacerbates problem because money accrues to national government  Emergence of vigorous private sector  Environmental destruction of oil  Regions unharmonious Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.