1. Democratic Challenges in African Nations
CST 10.1,2,3

2. 1960s Cultural Policies in Africa
In drawing up colonial boundaries, the colonial powers ignored ethnic and cultural divisions.
CONSEQUENCES:
Lack of national identity
Continuing ethnic and cultural rivalries
Civil wars

3. Economic Policies in Africa
The colonial powers developed plantations and mines but few factories in Africa.
CONSEQUENCES:
Unbalanced economies
Small middle classes
Few products for local consumers

4. Social Policies-Education
The colonial powers did little to educate the majority of Africans
CONSEQUENCES:
A lack of skilled and literate work force for industry and government

5. Nigeria

6. 1960 Nigeria becomes independent
Established a federal system (power is shared between states and a central gov’t.)
States were based on 3 ethnic groups.

7. Three Main Ethnic Groups in Nigeria
Hausa-Fulani: Largest group, live in the northern part, Muslim
Yoruba-Live in the western part, mostly farmers, kings ,Muslim Christian/Animists
Igbo (Ibo) Live in the south, mostly farmers, democratic traditions, Muslim/Christian/Animists

8. NIGERIA
Civil War,
Military Rule with martial law (temporary military rule)
CONSEQUENCES:
Destruction of the Igbo region
In 1967 Biafra is created, when Igbo flee to the east and secede from Nigeria
In 1970, Biafra surrenders and more than a million Igbo starve to death.
Military rule establishes a more stable government

9. NIGERIA 1979-1983 Democratic rule
1983 the military overthrow Nigeria’s civilian government
CONSEQUENCES:
The end of democracy
Hausa-Fulani discriminate against other ethnic groups

10. 1999 Free Elections held
Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yuroba, was elected the first civilian president
He was re-elected in 2003
Nigeria still has many problems: war, violence, corruption, poverty, and hunger.
Does have economic growth because of its oil exports.

11. Olusegun Obasanjo

12. President of Nigeria :Umaru Yar’Adua, 2007- Died May 5, 2010

13. President Goodluck Jonathan

14. South Africa

15. South Africa 1910 gained self-rule as a dominion of the British Empire
1931 became an independent member of the British Commonwealth
Established a constitution that gave whites power and denied the black majority rights.

16. 1948 The National Party gains power in South Africa
CONSEQUENCES:
It promotes the Afrikaner (Dutch, white) nationalism
Establishes apartheid policy (the policy of complete separation of the races)
Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods.
Banned all social contact between whites and blacks.

17. 1959
Minority (white) gov’t. sets up reserves, called homelands, for major black groups in So. Africa
Blacks make up 75% of the population, homelands are 13% of the land.

18. African National Congress (ANC)
Blacks formed this group in 1912 to fight for black African rights in South Africa.
ANC is banned by the government
Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years as a dissident (an opponent of gov’t policy)

19. 1976 Riots break out in the black township of Soweto CONSEQUENCES:
Government represses protesters
Protests mount, violence mounts
By 1986, int’l protests led to So. African government declaring a state of emergency

20. 1980’s
Black So. Afr. Bishop Desmond Tutu launches an economic campaign against apartheid.
He asks nations around the world to stop trading with South Africa.

21. Archbishop Desmond Tutu wins the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize

22. 1989 South Africans elect F. W. de Klerk president CONSEQUENCES
He legalizes the ANC
Releases Nelson Mandela from prison
18 months after his election, apartheid is repealed

23. 1994
President de Klerk agrees to hold universal elections, people of all races can vote
CONSEQUENCE:
A VICTORY FOR ANC
Nelson Mandela is elected President, the first black president of South Africa.

24. 1996
A new Constitution including a Bill of Rights modeled after the U.S. Bill of Rights
Greater hope for democracy
1999- Thabo Mbeki elected president
South Africa still facing major problems (read p.611)

25. De Klerk Mandela

26. New President of South Africa Jacob Zuma

27. FIFA World Cup June 11-July 11, 2010