UNIT 2 CREATING A NATION “This country shall be independent, and we will be satisfied with nothing short of it.” Samuel Adams 1774

Chaper 4, The American Revolution CHAPTER 4, Section 1 The Colonies Fight for Their Rights – The French and Indian War The cause: The French and British both wanted to control the Ohio River.

Chapter 4, Section 1 Marquis Duquesne, governor of New France, ordered forts to be built to protect their territory. The British governor of VA then ordered a fort to be built in Western Pennsylvania, but the French seized the area and built a fort. Gov. Dinwiddie then asked George Washington to raise a force and expel the French. Washington built Fort Necessity. A large French force arrived later on and forced Washington to surrender. After he was released, Washington became a hero for his courageous attempt to remove the French.

Chapter 4, Section 1 The Albany Conference was a result of the British urging the colonies to prepare for fighting against the Iroquois. Seven colonies sent representatives to meet with the Iroquois and achieved several things: 1. The Iroquois agreed to remain neutral 2. They decided to appoint one supreme commander 3. The Albany Plan of Union proposed that the colonies unite to form a federal government. The plan was rejected, BUT it showed that many of the leaders had thought about joining their colonies together for their common defense.

C 4, Sec 1 In 1754, Benjamin Franklin drew this cartoon urging colonists to stand together.

Chapter 4, Sec 1 IN 1755 General Braddock arrived in VA with British troops & appointed George Washington as his aide. Braddock was shot and died in an attack by the French & Native Americans. George Washington rallied the troops and organized a retreat. This war went on for two years.

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR

IN 1756 the fighting spread to Europe where it was called the Seven Years’ War Then a new British Commander Forbes sent troops to attack Fort Duquesne. The French were outnumbered, so they burned the fort and retreated. The British built Fort Pitt on that spot which later became Pittsburgh. The British won at Quebec – the turning point of the war. The British seized Spain’s colonies in Cuba and the Philippines when they took the French side. Chapter 4, Sec 1

1763 – The Treaty of Paris ended the war and French power in North America. New France became part of the British Empire as well as all of Louisiana east of the Mississippi except for New Orleans. To get Cuba and the Philippines back, Spain gave Florida to Britain. The French gave Spain control of New Orleans and all of Louisiana North of the Mississippi.

Chapter 4, Sec 1 The British government was deeply in debt over the French & Indian War. They felt that the colonies should pay for the war. Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa Tribe led his people and other tribes in attacks on colonists until the British stopped them. The Proclamation Act of The British said the colonists could not settle west of a line drawn from North to South along the Appalachian Mountains unless they had the British government’s permission. The farmers and land speculators got mad!!

Chapter 4, Section 1

Chapter 4, Sec 1 THEN, George Grenville became the new British Prime Minister. He had to find a way to pay off the cost of the colonial war. British custom agents had not been doing a good job of collecting money – there was smuggling going on, and the colonists had to pay custom duties – taxes on imports/exports. John Hancock was arrested for smuggling sugar and molasses from the French colonies in the Caribbean. John Adams was his lawyer and said that it was not right for England to allow British citizens a trial by jury and on the other hand try the colonists without a jury.

Chapter 4, Sec 2 also called the American Revenue Act of It changed the tax rates levied on raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign countries. It also placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento, and indigo.

Chapter 4, Sec 2 NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!!! This phrase came from a pamphlet written by James Otis. He said that the colonies had no representation in Parliament, so they should not be taxed.

Chapter 4, Sec 2 Currency Act of 1764 – Banned the use of paper money in the colonies because it tended to lose its value quickly. WHAT IS INFLATION? Happens when money loses its value over time.

Chapter 4, Sec 2 Required stamps to be placed on most printed materials, including newspapers, pamphlets, posters, wills, mortgages, deeds, licenses, and even diplomas, dice, and playing cards. This was the first direct tax Britain had placed on colonists.

Chapter 4, Sec 1 The Quartering Act - forced colonies to pay more for their own defense. If the colonies did not provide barracks, the soldiers could stay in taverns, inns, vacant buildings, and barns, and the colonies had to pay rent for it.

Stamp Act Continued The Sons of Liberty (I. Sears – leader) Organized meetings & demonstrations. The Stamp Act Congress – colonists argued that Parliament did not have the right to tax them. The Nonimportation Agreement – 200 merchants pledged not to buy any British goods until Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

Chapter 4, Sec 1 The Townshend Acts – introduced by Charles Townshend, the new Chancellor of the Exchequer. Revenue Act of 1767 – new custom duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies. Allowed officials to seize private property without due process. WRITS of ASSISTANCE – was used to arrest smugglers.

Chapter 4, Section 1 Daughters of Liberty – in protest of acts spun their own cloth rather than buy it from England. This was a sign of patriotism to wear the homespun clothes.

THE BOSTON MASSACRE Fall, 1768 – 1,000 British troops were sent to Boston to maintain order. Called “lobster backs” because they wore red coats. British troop was guarding a customs house. Colonists began heckling him. When he called for help, CPT Preston and a squad of soldiers came. The troops began firing. The first colonist to die was Crispus Attucks – African and Native American descent. Three others died, two died later, and six were wounded. The British repealed almost all of the Townshend Acts. BUT, they kept the tax on tea.

Boston Massacre