SS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and change in Africa leading to the 21st century. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

The student will understand that while change occurs over time, there is continuity to the basic structure of that society. How has school changed and stayed the same since kindergarten? Why do some things remain the same when society is always changing? Continuity and Change

The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within societies, change is the result. When you have conflicts with your friends does it change your friendship? Can change have intended and / or unintended consequences? Can change be positive and / or negative? Conflict Creates Change

SS7H1a Explain how the European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

Think Pair Share 1.Why was there a “Mad Scramble” for European countries to claim African land? 2.What kind of conflicts could this create?

Think Pair Share 1.According to the map, which two European countries claimed much of the African continent? 2.What are some conflicts these boundary lines could have created within the African cultures?

WHAT DO YOU THINK THE ARTIST IS TRYING TO COMMUNICATE IN THIS POLITICAL CARTOON?

The Berlin Conference was conducted, and European powers (Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and Italy) agreed to divide the continent into European governed colonies. This division was disastrous as the new boundary lines divided ethnic groups and in most cases forced rival ethnic groups to live together. The Europeans wanted the natural resources to fuel the Industrial Revolution. As they made products, they then forced African colonies to buy them for much more than they received for their resources BERLIN CONFERENCE

IN 1878, MUCH OF AFRICA WAS NOT COLONIZED BY EUROPE …BUT BY 1885, OVER 90% OF AFRICA WOULD BE UNDER THE CONTROL OF EUROPEAN EMPIRES, PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND THE FRENCH

WHERE (AREAS OF INTEREST) WHY (REASONS FOR PARTITIONING) WHAT (REASONS FOR COLONIZATION) WHEN (DEVELOPMENT) WHO (EUROPEAN EMPIRES) THE 5 W’s of EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA

WHERE (AREAS OF INTEREST) Over 90% of Africa came under European control after the Berlin Conference, but the only territories that were not colonized by the European empires were Liberia and Ethiopia. WHY (PARTITIONING of AFRICA) Reacting to the Scramble or Race for Africa leaders of European empires met in Berlin, Germany to resolve potential conflicts between European empires over the control of African colonies. They divided up the land and created new boundary lines without any input by the people of Africa. WHAT (REASONS FOR COLONIZATION) Natural Resources Slave or Cheap Labor New Markets for Europe Suez Canal Trade Route Spread of European Culture Christian Missionaries WHEN (DEVELOPMENT) 1652: Dutch Colony in South Africa 1806: Britain control South Africa and parts of West Africa 1848: French colonize North Africa 1867: King Leopold II of Belgium colonizes central Africa 1884: Berlin Conference 1899: Boer War between Dutch settlers and British military WHO (EUROPEAN EMPIRES) GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE BELGIUM GERMANY ITALY SPAIN PORTUGAL THE 5 W’s of EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA

The Negatives of Colonialism Rival ethnic groups forced to live together causing conflicts and wars. Lost many resources without equal return. Lost their freedom to govern themselves. Africans were forced to work on plantations and in mines for very little money. Children as young as 10 are recruited for civil wars in Africa

Positives of Colonialism Improved roads and railroads Improved medical centers Improved schools Improved economies – jobs and technology Democracies allow freedom for many people (except in countries where corruption leads to dictatorships) Hospitals in South Africa are heavily burdened by HIV- infected children— a leading health issue in Africa.

IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE ON AFRICA NEGATIVE IMPACT  Slavery  Wars and Riots  Starvation and Poverty  Disease  Forced Cheap Labor  Loss of Land and Power  New boundaries separated families and tribes  Civil Wars between ethnic groups POSITIVE IMPACT  Schools and hospitals were built  Improved health care  Roads and railroads were built  New governments and democracy  Improved economies / New technologies  End of Slavery

Conflicts in Africa because of artificial political boundaries created by Europeans during the Berlin Conference of  Conflict between native Africans and Europeans during colonization  Conflict between ethnic groups  Conflict over who should have political power AFTER Africans gained independence from Europe

GENOCIDE in RWANDA 1994 A civil war created by European colonization

Genocide in Rwanda  Between April and June 1994, an estimated 800,000 Rwandans were killed in the space of 100 days.  Most of the dead were Tutsis - and most of those who perpetrated the violence were Hutus.  The genocide was sparked by the death of the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana, a Hutu, when his plane was shot down above Kigali airport on 6 April 1994.

 The Belgians considered the Tutsis to be superior to the Hutus. Not surprisingly, the Tutsis welcomed this idea, and for the next 20 years they enjoyed better jobs and educational opportunities than their neighbors.  When Belgium relinquished power and granted Rwanda independence in 1962, the Hutus took their place.  The economic situation worsened and the incumbent president, Juvenal Habyarimana, began losing popularity.  At the same time, Tutsi refugees in Uganda - supported by some moderate Hutus - were forming the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), led by Mr Kagame.  Their aim was to overthrow Habyarimana and secure their right to return to their homeland.

 After the president’s death, the presidential guard immediately initiated a campaign of retribution. Leaders of the political opposition were murdered, and almost immediately, the slaughter of Tutsis and moderate Hutus began.  Within hours, recruits were dispatched all over the country to carry out a wave of slaughter.  Soldiers and police officers encouraged ordinary citizens to take part. In some cases, Hutu civilians were forced to murder their Tutsi neighbors by military personnel.  The UN, the world's largest peacekeeping force, was UNABLE to end the fighting.

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Conflict in Darfur  Darfur is a region in Sudan the size of France. It is home to about 6 million people from nearly 100 tribes. Some nomads. Some farmers. All Muslims.  In 1989, General Omar Bashir took control of Sudan by military coup, which then allowed The National Islamic Front government to inflame regional tensions.  In a struggle for political control of the area, weapons poured into Darfur. Conflicts increased between African farmers and many nomadic Arab tribes.  In 2003, two Darfuri rebel movements- the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)- took up arms against the Sudanese government.

 The government of Sudan responded by unleashing Arab militias known as Janjaweed, or “devils on horseback”. Sudanese forces and Janjaweed militia attacked hundreds of villages throughout Darfur. Over 400 villages were completely destroyed and millions of civilians were forced to flee their homes.  African farmers and others in Darfur are being systematically displaced and murdered. The genocide in Darfur has claimed 400,000 lives and displaced over 2,500,000 people. More than one hundred people continue to die each day; five thousand die every month..  On March 4, 2009 Sudanese President Omar al Bashir, became the first sitting president to be indicted for directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur. The government of Sudan has not surrendered him..  Darfuris continues to suffer and the innumerable problems facing Sudan cannot be resolved until peace is secured in Darfur. According to UN estimates, 2.7 million Darfuris remain in internally displaced persons camps and over 4.7 million Darfuris rely on humanitarian aid. Resolving the Darfur conflict is critical not just for the people of Darfur, but also for the future of Sudan and the stability of the entire region.

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CONFLICT IN DARFUR: A REGION IN WESTERN SUDAN

CONFLICT IN DARFUR: A REGION IN WESTERN SUDAN