Asia Migrations, Conquests of western Europeans and central Asians show remarkable similarities Occur at the same time Traveled equally vast distances Were ruthless in conquest Sought to impose their own culture on others

Asia Migrations, Differences in western European and central Asian conquests Defeated Asians did not suffer diseases that swept away populations in the Americas Asians had limits on their ability to impose culture Asian empires in decline by 18th century

Asia Migrations, The Ottoman Empire, Rise of Ottomans paralleled rise of Spain Turks rely on gazis, sufis and janissaries Move into Europe by early 1500s Suleiman the Magnificent (r ) reached gates of Vienna Population grew from million in 1520 to million in 1600

Asia Migrations, India: The Mughal Empire, Mughals begin invasion of India in 1526 Are a combination of Mongols & Turks Major success under Akbar (r ), India’s greatest ruler Ruthless, he massacred entire population of 30,00- at Chitor in 1568 Based taxes on thorough survey of resources

Asia Migrations, India: The Mughal Empire [cont.] Tempered conquest of India with conciliation of Hindu population Proclaimed personal religion of Din-I-Ilahi that combined Islam, Hinduism and Parsi Became respected emperor of all Hindustan Aurangzeb (r ) squandered the achievements and ended reign with Mughals in weakened position

Asia Migrations, Safavid Persia, Mongols & Turks devastated and repopulated Persia in 13th century Timur the Lame (r ) extended Mongol rule from Turkey through N. India Called Safavid, followers of Shaykh Safi al-Din Shah Abbas ( brought in western technology to try to hold on to power

Asia Migrations, China: Ming & Manchu Dynasties Mongol (Yuan) dynasty, Followed by Ming who try to accommodate Mongols to the north Invasions in 1644 bring Qing dynasty (Manchurians) to power (last until 1911) Qing expand Chinese borders Population sustained by crops from Americas

Global Population Growth and Movement Population growth is result & cause of social change European population tripled, Slave trade reduced African population Native American population decimated Europeans flood outside world, European growth is fastest in history

Cities and Demographics Delhi/Shahjahanabad Each Mughal emperor build own capital city Akbar’s grandson rebuilt Delhi as Shahjahanabad; population reached 2 million Religious, military and administrative center Had the appearance of “nomadic court” with “tents of stone”

Cities and Demographics Isfahan (Iran) Became capital in 1598 Had 2 1/2 mile walkway & large public square Major center for craftsmanship Shah Abbas opposed Ottomans and tolerated European religious groups Powerful neighbors insured that empire was militarized

Cities and Demographics Constantinople (Istanbul) Had been capital of much-reduced Byzantine Empire and became capital of Ottoman Empire A conurbation three major segments Braudel calls Istanbul the prototype of later European capitals Became economic backwater with shift of trade to the Atlantic

Cities and Demographics London London grew as these other cities declined (approximately 1700) London’s growth promoted national market Stimulated agricultural production Developed use of coal Created new commercial instruments Increased productivity and purchasing power

Cities and Demographics London [cont.] High immigration and death rates kept English population growth low London’s growth stimulated new ideas about economics and its importance London avoided the parasitism that often plagued imperial capitals

Migration and Demography Demography helps explain patterns in history Growth of “New Europes” Re-evaluation of slave trade Comparison of Mongol-Turkic and European patterns Compared political and trade oriented capitals Migration issues continue today

Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade Fear of Haiti-style revolts leads British to abolish slavery, 1807 U. S. abolished international slave trade in 1808 but retains slavery until Civil War Slavery abolished in Puerto Rico, 1876, in Cuba, 1886, & in Brazil, 1888