1 Chapter 2 Origins of American Government

2 Section 1—Our Political Beginnings Did not begin in 1776 or 1787—It started with the first colonies. Did not begin in 1776 or 1787—It started with the first colonies. French, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes, and others. French, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes, and others. English was most influential English was most influential –English were influenced by: Romans Romans Babylonians—Hammurabi’s Code, 1750 B.C. Babylonians—Hammurabi’s Code, 1750 B.C.

3 Basic Concepts of Government –Ordered Government – need to regulate –Limited Government—restraint on actions of government. –Representative Government—”government of, by, and for the people.” Landmark English Documents Landmark English Documents –The Magna Carta Runnymede—to restrain King John from arbitrary acts and heavy taxation Runnymede—to restrain King John from arbitrary acts and heavy taxation –The Petition of Right—1628, to limit the power of King Charles I when he asked Parliament for more taxes. to limit the power of King Charles I when he asked Parliament for more taxes.

4 –The Bill of Rights—1688 Restored monarchy with William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. Restored monarchy with William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution. Prohibited a standing army in peacetime. Prohibited a standing army in peacetime. That parliamentary elections be free. That parliamentary elections be free. That taxation without the approval of Parliament was prohibited. That taxation without the approval of Parliament was prohibited. Guaranteed right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bail, and no cruel and inhuman punishment. Guaranteed right to a fair trial, freedom from excessive bail, and no cruel and inhuman punishment.

5 The English Colonies The English Colonies –Came about over a 125 year period—Virginia first in 1607, Georgia last in –Royal Colonies (8) New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Evolved the “bicameral” or two-house legislature. Evolved the “bicameral” or two-house legislature. –Governor + governor’s council + lower house

6 –Proprietary (3) A grant to a person—Lord Baltimore in Maryland, William Penn in Pennsylvania and Delaware. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Pennsylvania had a “unicameral” or one- house legislature. Pennsylvania had a “unicameral” or one- house legislature. –The Charter Colonies (2)—quite liberal Connecticut and Rhode Island Connecticut and Rhode Island

7 Section 2—The Coming of Independence “We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.”—Benjamin Franklin, July 4, “We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.”—Benjamin Franklin, July 4, Britain’s Colonial Policies Britain’s Colonial Policies –Controlled separately by Privy Council and the Board of Trade under the King Parliament not much involved. Parliament not much involved. –London was 3,000 miles away –Almost “federal”—allowed a lot of self-rule

8 –King George III in 1760 More restrictive More restrictive Additional taxes Additional taxes –Taxation without representation –To support troops stationed in North America after French and Indian War of King’s ministers were poorly informed and stubborn. King’s ministers were poorly informed and stubborn. Choice was to submit or revolt. Choice was to submit or revolt.

9 Growing Colonial Unity Growing Colonial Unity –Early Attempts New England Confederation in 1643 New England Confederation in —William Penn’s plan 1696—William Penn’s plan –The Albany Plan Offered by Benjamin Franklin Offered by Benjamin Franklin –The Stamp Act Congress 1765—stamps on all legal documents 1765—stamps on all legal documents Later repealed Later repealed

10 –The Stamp Act Congress (cont.) New laws stimulated a “boycott.” New laws stimulated a “boycott.” –March 5, 1770, Boston Massacre Committees of Correspondence led by Samuel Adams organized resistance (1772). Committees of Correspondence led by Samuel Adams organized resistance (1772). December 16, 1773—Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773—Boston Tea Party The First Continental Congress The First Continental Congress –Parliament passed more laws to “punish” the colonies in 1774 Intolerable Acts Intolerable Acts –Met on September 5, 1774 in Philadelphia For 2 months For 2 months Issued a Declaration of Rights-a protest Issued a Declaration of Rights-a protest Adjourned on October 26 calling for a second meeting. Adjourned on October 26 calling for a second meeting.

11 The Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress –May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia Battles of Lexington and Concord—”the Shot Heard Round the World”—April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord—”the Shot Heard Round the World”—April 19 –Representatives from all 13 colonies—John Hancock as president. –Our First National Government From July 1776-March 1, 1781 From July 1776-March 1, 1781 The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence –July 4, 1776, adopted. “We hold these truths...” “We hold these truths...” “...our lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. “...our lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.

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14 Section 3—The Critical Period Articles of Confederation—Nov. 15, 1777 Articles of Confederation—Nov. 15, 1777 –“A Firm League of Friendship.” Governmental Structure One body of Congress—members chosen annually One body of Congress—members chosen annually –Each state had one vote. –No Executive or Judicial branch.  Handled by committees of Congress.  A presiding officer was chosen.

15 –Powers of Congress Make war and peace Make war and peace Send and receive ambassadors Send and receive ambassadors Make treaties Make treaties Borrow money and set up a money system. Borrow money and set up a money system. Establish post offices Establish post offices Build a navy Build a navy Raise an army by asking the states to send troops Raise an army by asking the states to send troops Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Fix uniform standards of weights and measures Settle disputes among the states. Settle disputes among the states.

16 State Obligations State Obligations To obey acts of Congress To obey acts of Congress Provide funds and troops requested. Provide funds and troops requested. Regard citizens and acts of other states as binding Regard citizens and acts of other states as binding Provide for open travel among the states. Provide for open travel among the states. –Weaknesses No power to tax—could only borrow No power to tax—could only borrow No power to regulate trade among the states. No power to regulate trade among the states. No power to enforce laws. No power to enforce laws. Needed the consent of 9 of 13 states for laws to pass. Needed the consent of 9 of 13 states for laws to pass. Could not amend without 9 states Could not amend without 9 states –(No amendment was ever passed)

17 The Critical Period, the 1780s The Critical Period, the 1780s –War ended October 19, –Treaty of Paris in 1783 –Jealousy and bickering among the states increased. –Taxed goods from other states. –Debts went unpaid. –Shay’s Rebellion in the fall of 1786.

18 A Need for Stronger Government A Need for Stronger Government –Mount Vernon meeting To settle trade problems between Maryland and Virginia. To settle trade problems between Maryland and Virginia. Stimulated a call for a meeting of all states to regulate commerce. Stimulated a call for a meeting of all states to regulate commerce. –Annapolis—September 11, 1786 Only 5 states attended but a call went out for another meeting the next year in Philadelphia. Only 5 states attended but a call went out for another meeting the next year in Philadelphia.

19 Section 4—Creating the Constitution The Framers –12 States represented (none from Rhode Island) –55 attended –Many big names were missing—Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Patrick Henry John Hancock

20 Organization and Procedure Organization and Procedure –Independence Hall –George Washington as president –One vote per State—majority rules –Working in Secrecy James Madison’s Notes— James Madison’s Notes— –Father of the Constitution –Nailed windows shut –A Momentous Decision Throw out the “Articles,” write a new constitution Throw out the “Articles,” write a new constitution

21 The Virginia Plan—James Madison The Virginia Plan—James Madison –Three branches of government –Bicameral legislature –Smaller States found it too “radical” The New Jersey Plan – William Patterson The New Jersey Plan – William Patterson –Unicameral legislature –States equally represented.

22 Compromises Compromises –Connecticut Compromise (the Great Compromise) Two houses of Congress---one based on equality of States---one based on population. Two houses of Congress---one based on equality of States---one based on population. –The Three-Fifths Compromise “Three-fifths of all other persons” “Three-fifths of all other persons” –The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise Could not tax exports from any State Could not tax exports from any State Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years (1808). Could not act on the slave trade for 20 years (1808).

23 Fundamental Values were not disputed: Fundamental Values were not disputed: Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty Limited Government Limited Government Representative Government Representative Government Separation of Powers Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Checks and Balances Sources of the Constitution Sources of the Constitution We stole from everyone to create final document We stole from everyone to create final document The Convention Completes Its Work The Convention Completes Its Work –September 17, 1787 –39 signed—3 refused

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26 Section 5-- Ratifying the Constitution The Fight for Ratification The Fight for Ratification –Unanimous approval NOT needed –Federalists and Anti-Federalists emerged Federalists—who favored ratification Federalists—who favored ratification –Led by Madison and Hamilton Anti-Federalists—who opposed ratification Anti-Federalists—who opposed ratification –Led by Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock and Samuel Adams –Concerns about increased central power and no Bill of Rights

27 The Fight for Ratification (cont.) The Fight for Ratification (cont.) –Nine States Ratify Delaware first, New Hampshire was 9 th but without Virginia or New York. Delaware first, New Hampshire was 9 th but without Virginia or New York. –Virginia’s Ratification Washington’s support was crucial Washington’s support was crucial Very divided Very divided –New York, The Last Key State essays called:The Federalist by Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay 85 essays called:The Federalist by Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay

28 Inaugurating the Government Inaugurating the Government –Quorum assembled on April 6, 1789, in Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York (the temporary capital) –April 30, 1789, George Washington was sworn in as president. –North Carolina first failed to ratify. –Rhode Island was last more than a year later.

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