BY CRISTY OAKES FOR DR. HELMS INDEPENDENT STUDY MAY 8, 2000

l Sociology is a hybrid term Socios - Joint, allied or associated Locus - Study of l Sociology is the study of human associations

PARTNER SELECTION PRACTICES l Marriage by capture l Marriage by purchase $ May involve a “bride price” or “dowry” l Marriage by arrangement l Marriage by consent of the principals of conjugal courtship

l Marriage - A socially approved arrangement in which a family is created 1) Monogamy - Marriage to 1 person at a time (cereal monogamy is several marriages at a time)

l POLYGAMY - polygandry & polygyny l Group - 2 or more men collectively to 2 or more woman (Hawaii and Polynesia) l Monogamy is the most “practiced” type in the world. Polygyny is the most preferred

l Unilateral- - Patrilateral traced through the father - Matrilineal traced through the mother - In both cases ignore descent of other parent l Nonunilateral/Bilateral - - lineage is traced through the men (but not the women) on father’s side or the women (but not the men) on the mother’s side

l Biological - Couple can choose where to live l Neolocal - Couple establishes their own home regardless of location of nuclear family

l Patriarchial - Family authority is is vested in the man - Most common type in the world l Egalitarian - Moral and Legal authority is vested in both the man and the woman - Also referred to as a democratic family

Reasons for Poverty l Today women are in the work force l Family needs more income Economic Changes Making it likely Family changes require more child care Single parent family Women have freedom from income They can get out of a bad marriage

l Males have trouble supporting family so they take off, or never marry the mother of children b/c he knows he will not be able to afford it l People can’t afford daycare; children may get abused, neglected l Kids end up in gangs, giving us crime, or end up costing us millions to incarcerate them

l William J. Wilson, author of The Truly Disadvantaged, says: - Gangs are formed out of people in main stream society - Gang members have lack of training and skills - Engaged in deviant street activity - Long spells of unemployment

l Welfare dependent l Small fraction of lower class - helps us understand why gangs of today are different than gangs from before l Gang members from underclass are usually less mature web-dubious.fas.harvard.edu/DuBois/ AfroAm/wilson.html

l Lack of opportunity l People not given opportunity to get jobs even if qualified l DISCRIMINATION eliminate discrimination elimate poverty l Laws passed for = OPPORTUNITY, BUT STILL POVERTY Culture of poverty Poverty is due to particular traits and attributes of individuals Attributes are part of the culture of communities Values and norms passed from 1 generation to next Poor bring it on themselves

l Middle class jobs being eliminated l Low wage jobs growing l Decline in industrial base jobs l Rise of service jobs (Why flip burgers when you can make more $ selling drugs and its easier?)

l Facing downward social mobility l Because of changes in economy these gang members are worse off than their parents l Explains why gangs of today are different and people don’t mature out of gangs as they did in the past

1) Use of illegal drug, use of crime - logical, more drug use, more crime 2) Cost of drugs coupled with addiction - crime way to obtain $ for drugs 3) Less feelings of guilt changes in psychological state 4) Spur of moment - No rational thinking, under influence

l Complexity of organization - Division of labor; not just 1 person doing deviance - could be a # of people; most have specific knowledge of organization, not very many have whole knowledge- better communication “accidents” against consumers, environement might have happened

l Indirect link of organization - elites - ie. Ford Pinto case Iococca didn’t tell them to build an unsafe car (- We’re talking about white collar crime by big companies that they are ignorant of, or not really to blame for)

l Direct Involvement - which means organizational elite knew and started the crime anyway l Organized Crime vs. Street Crime - more people are hurt at the same time in corporate crime l More serious than street crime