Progressive Era 1900-1916 urbanization social disorder (labor) Expose the ills of society brought on by the Industrial Revolution and Big Government urbanization social disorder (labor) political corruption Write new laws to correct social problems Ideas based on Populism and goals of labor movement Government can be an instrument of social change

Muckrakers** Journalistic “Voice” of Progressives Investigative journalists – Expose corruption and other problems that needed to be addressed (no solutions) Profitable for magazines: McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle Lincoln Stephen’s The Shame of the Cities Ida Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Co. ** coined by T. Roosevelt

Goals of Progressives ex: Sherman Antitrust Act End laissez-faire End abuses of monopolistic power with antitrust legislation ex: Sherman Antitrust Act Make government more responsive Government the vehicle to improved society Limit power of party bosses end government abuse of power

Progressive Methods Rely on Scientific Data Value of Expert Opinion Use Collective Action Inform using Publications--muckrakers Pressure on legislatures to pass laws

Origins of Progressivism Could You? Explain the four goals of progressivism. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up government. Identify progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform elections.

Progressive Political Reforms Political parties corrupt and Undemocratic Power must be diminished People must be given more power Australian (secret) ballot 1890 Direct primary (nominate candidates)1902 Initiative (propose laws) Referendum (vote yes or no on laws) Recall (call for re-election) Direct election of Senators (17th) Women’s suffrage (19th)

Progressive Social Reforms Temperance movement WCTU Anti-Saloon League 18th amendment (1919) Volstead Act enforced prohibition Mann Act (1910) (White Slave Traffic) Illegal to bring women into U.S. or across state lines for immoral purposes Many states passed laws against prostitution

Social Gospel Movement Social responsibility for others’ well being “my brother’s keeper” Church people doing humanitarian work -- YMCA PADS program - food pantry

Progressive Economic Reform Hepburn Act of 1906 : Regulate Rail Roads Mann-Elkins Act of 1910: ICC - Communications The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) 1906 Prohibited mislabeling Sanitary Codes Tariff Reform - Lowered Tariffs on foreign goods (permitted competition)

Federal Reserve Act Weakness of existing system: No plan for times of financial crisis. Solution: Create 12 Federal Reserve Districts: “A” - “L” Purpose: Control the Nation’s Supply of Money

Robert M. LaFollette US Rep and US Senator Progressive Wisconsin governor Wisconsin a model for progressive reform “laboratory of progressivism” “Wisconsin idea”

Efforts to Clean Up City Government Toledo Reform - Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones Lower utility rates Minimum wage & More Parks. Reform!!! Commission System Galveston, Tx Take politics out of the process Specialized professional ran departments. The City Manager System Elected Boards of Commissioners City manager elected by commissioners

1904 Election Results

National Political Reformers Teddy Roosevelt Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Progressive Era Presidents 1901-1921

Teddy Roosevelt “Square Deal” McKinley Assassination VP, Age 42, young, active, reform minded president 1902 anthracite coal miner strike Demands: 20%/8hr/union Reality: 10%/9hr/no union Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Dams for irrigating 16 states 150 million acres reserved for public National Conservation Commission established under Gifford Pinchot Northern Securities case (RR monopoly) “trustbuster” Teddy

“Jack and the Giant Killer” Trustbusting

Conservation John Muir

Teddy Roosevelt Consumer Protection Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) forbade the manufacture, sale and transportion of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs. (No harmful chemicals and preservatives-labels required ) Meat Inspection Act (1906) Federal inspection and regulation of minimum standards of sanitation.

“I aimed at the public’s heart and by accident I hit them in the stomach.” Upton Sinclair A socialist trying to raise an outcry over working conditions under capitalism He wanted people to demand socialism from their government (do away with capitalism) Belief workers should control both the government and the means of production

Excerpt from The Jungle “There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerine and dumped into the hoppers and made over again for home consumption . . . There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms; and the water from the leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it . . . These rats were a nuisance, and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they would die, and then rats, bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.”

1908 Election Results Bryan

Taft as the Big Guy Poor leader – not charismatic like TR Lost progressive support over tariff Not low enough!! Yet, more antitrust suits than TR Yet, more conservation than TR And…groundwork for 16th amendment

Rise of the Socialist Party Rise of the Socialist Party 3rd Party--developed in 1901 dedicated to working class. Platform: more radical reforms than Progressives public ownership or RR, utilities, oil, steel 18 socialists elected city mayors in 1911 presidential candidate Eugene Debs Peak in 1912 --900,000 votes (6% of total) for president Most Americans feared socialism American workers satisfied with pay and union progress Rise of the Socialist Party

1912 Election Results

TR-to-Wilson Election of 1904 Election of 1908 Election of 1912

Woody as President “New Freedom” Economic Reforms attack on the “the triple wall of privilege” Federal Reserve System (1913) Regulate money supply Underwood Tariff (1913) LOWERED TARIFFS ON 100+ ITEMS GRADUATED INCOME TAX Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) “cease and desist” orders for unfair business practices Adamson Act (1916) 8-hour work day for RR (new standard) Keating-Owens Act (1916) no interstate trade if co. employs <14 yr olds Re-elected in 1916 “He kept us out of war”

Progressive amendments direct election of Senators 16 17 18 19 no progressive income tax X

Results of 1916 Election

African-Americans Ignored by main progressive movement Booker T. Washington Take a lower status temporarily Vocational training (Tuskegee Institute) W.E.B. DuBois Did not agree with BTW (“leading the way backward”) “Talented Tenth” AIM HIGHER!!!! Founded NAACP (1905) - fought racism

Women’s Efforts Charlotte Perkins Gilman wrote Women and Economics (1898) Child care centers; common dining area Margaret Sanger  Planned Parenthood Florence Kelley (social worker) 10-hour day for women Carrie Chapman Catt National American Woman Suffrage Association Worked for passage of 19th amendment

Woman Suffrage Before 1920

Evaluating the Progressive Era Successes ?? Failures ??