The New Production of Knowledge Michael Gibbons, Camille Limoges, Helga Nowotny, Simon Schwartzman, Peter Scott, Martin Trow

Mode 1 and Mode 2 Single discipline-based Problem formulation governed by interests of specific community Problems set and solved in (largely) academic context Trans-disciplinary, involving a diverse range of specialists Problem formulation governed by interests of actors involved with practical problems Problems set and solved in application-based context

Mode 1 and Mode 2 Newtonian model of science specific to a field of enquiry Research practice conforms to norms of discipline’s definition of “scientific” Quasi-permanent, institutionally-based teams Emergent theoretical / conceptual framework not reducible to single discipline Research practice reflexive and socially accountable Short-lived, problem-defined, non-institutional teams

Mode 1 and Mode 2 Hierarchical and conservative team organization Normative, rule-based, “scientific” knowledge produced “Innovation” seen as production of “new” knowledge Non-hierarchical and transient team organization Consensual, continuously negotiated, knowledge produced “Innovation” also seen as reconfiguration of existing knowledge for new contexts

Mode 1 and Mode 2 Separate knowledge production and application Dissemination is discipline-based through institutional channels Research practice should be “good science” Integrated knowledge production and application Dissemination is through collaborating partners and social networks Dynamic research practice characterized by on the move problem-solving

These slides were originally prepared by David Campbell, a visiting scholar at GWU, based on the book, The New Production of Knowledge