Ch4 – Features Consider the following data from Mokilese Can you identify complementary distribution? If so, write a rule in feature to capture the overall process (not specific rules for specific sounds but for natural classes)

Ch4 – Features Consider the following data from Mokilese High vowels become voiceless between voiceless consonants +syllabic  [–voice] / - sonorant ___ +dorsal - voice +high

Ch 5 - Morphology The part of the grammar that is concerned with words and word formation Lexicon - your mental dictionary - the filing cabinet drawer for how words are put together and what the meanings of this different parts are Word - the smallest free form found in language (it does not have to occur in fixed position with respect to other forms)

Ch 5 - Morphology Morpheme - the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function (builder has 2 morphemes: build and -er) Simple words - contain only 1 morpheme Complex words - contain more than 1 morpheme Free morpheme - a morpheme that can be a word by itself Bound morpheme - a morpheme that must be attached to another element

Ch 5 - Morphology Allomorphs - the variant forms of a morpheme English indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: a and an English plural has 3 allomorphs - what are they? cats, dogs, horses

Ch 5 - Morphology Word structure Root - the core of the word and carries the major component of meaning Lexical category - Noun (N), Adjective (A), Verb (V), Preposition (P) Affixes - general term for a morpheme that does not have a lexical category, and is always bound Base is the form to which an affix is attached (most cases it is the root)

Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 1) Identify the root A kindness

Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 2) Attach the suffix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A kindness

Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindnesses 1) Identify the root A kindnesses

Ch 5 - Morphology Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 2) Attach the 1st affix and determine lexical category of the word N Af A kindnesses

Ch 5 - Morphology [[[[ kind ]A ness]N es]N Word trees - (Af) means Affix Base is the thing that an affix affixes to (sometimes the root, sometimes not) kindness 3) Attach the 2nd affix to the new base and determine lexical category of the resulting word Af N N A Af kindnesses [[[[ kind ]A ness]N es]N

Ch 5 - Morphology Affixes can be suffixes, prefixes or infixes Infixes must be morphemes inserted into the root of the word, and not just adding another prefix or suffix to an existing one freakin’ as an infix: abso-freakin-lutely not *absolute-freakin-ly a true English infix? Problems: some words that have an affix no longer allow the root to be a free form - unkempt, inept, overwhelmed - any others? Some words appear to have affixes but are considered one morpheme - receive, submit, permit (still formed with other affixes like they do have affixes though - permission, reception)

Ch 5 - Morphology Derivation - an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from its base Complex derivations - when there are multiple affixes Structurally ambiguous words - unlockable Af A Af A V A V Af Af V unlockable unlockable

Ch 5 - Morphology Constraints on derivation - suffix -ant cannot affix to native English words, only borrowed words from Latin Sometimes constraint is phonological - -en can only attach as a suffix to a monosyllabic base ending in an obstruent.

Ch 5 - Morphology 2 different classes of affixes: Class 1 affix - triggers phonological changes in consonants or vowels of the base - stress shifts (not talking about spelling) Class 2 affix - phonologically neutral, having no effect on base or stress of resulting word (not talking about spelling) Usually, Class 2 affixes cannot come between Class 1 affixes and the root. *fearlessity, but ok fearlessness, relational, divisiveness

Ch 5 - Morphology On p. 110, un- is a prefix that attaches to an adjective and here it attaches to a noun

Ch 5 - Morphology Compounding - compound word is the combination of two already existing words The right-most word determines the lexical category of the new compound word (greenhouse is a noun because house is a noun although green is an adjective) - the morpheme that determines the category is called the head Spelling is not consistent with how compounds are represented - high school, high-school, highschool Pronunciation differences between compound and A + N sequence - blackbird versus black bird Inflectional suffixes can only be added to second form in compound (tense or plural) so drop kicked but not *dropped kick

Ch 5 - Morphology Inflection - the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts The base that inflectional forms are added to is sometimes called a stem (like root for derivational affixation) This is different from derivation Includes Tense, Aspect, Number, person/number agreement, case

Ch 5 - Morphology There are many irregular forms in English that don’t use the affixation of inflection as discussed. (go + PAST = goed? no, went) Inflection versus Derivation Inflection does not change the grammatical category or the meaning of the word to which it is affixed Derivation can change the category and does change the meaning (although still related) (All English prefixes are derivation even though they do not change the lexical category of the word) Derivational affixes have to occur closest to base. neighborhoods but not *neighborshood Inflectional affixes can combine with nearly every possible word (plural -s) but derivational affixes can combine with a more limited set (-ment)

Ch 5 - Morphology Inflection versus Derivation Special case of -ing: There are 3 -ing affixes! 1) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Noun - I watched the dancing in the room. 2) Derivational: Verb + -ing = Adjective - The dancing frog 3) Inflectional: Verb + -ing = Verb - The frog is dancing

Ch 5 - Morphology Inflection - in English is usually marked with affixes (suffixes) Can also be marked through Internal Change - a process that substitutes one nonmorphemic segment for another to mark a grammatical contrast Ablaut (vowel alterations): sing, sink, drive - sang, sank, drove OR feet and geese from foot and goose - what about dive? Suppletion - replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast to be in English is made up of a few different forms not related to each other through affixation or internal change: is, was, were, are, am, be

Ch 5 - Morphology INFLECTION Reduplication - total or partial - the repetition of all or part of a word to indicate a grammatical or semantic contrast Tone placement - different pitch to indicate different tense (Spanish has an inflectional stress to indicate tense and person - hablo versus habló) Agreement – when one word is inflected to match a certain grammatical properties of another word – number, person (Eng. 3rd Sing Present –s: he speaks Case - is a change in a word’s form to indicate its grammatical role (subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.) He/his/him, I/mine/me Ch 5 - Morphology

Ch 5 - Morphology Conversions - changing one word from one category to another without the use of affixes (zero derivation or zero affixation) Also, productivity – still can write rules for non-productive morphology (like –en plural oxen)

Ch 5 - Morphology

Ch 5 - Morphology

Ch 5 - Morphology In order to figure out the morphemes, must find morphological minimal pairs (2 words that differ with only 1 morpheme) then figure out what the diffs in meaning are and you can figure out the morphemes. atanipenda vs. atakupenda = he will like me vs. he will like you So we know that –ni- must be me (Obj) and –ku- must be you (Obj) Figure out with the data that the order of the morphemes is: SUBJECT + TENSE + OBJECT + ROOT

Ch 5 - Morphology Morphological rules to derive the correct forms. Since there are 3 prefixes attaching to root, we start with the one closest to root. 1.)Object Marking X  OP + X in [+Verb] Where OP is selected from: ni- [+me-object] ku- [+you-object] m- [+him-object] tu- [+us-object] wa- [+them-object]

Ch 5 - Morphology Morphological rules to derive the correct forms. Since there are 3 prefixes attaching to root, we start with the one closest to root. 2.)Tense Marking X  Tense + X in [+Verb] Where TENSE is selected from: ta- [+future] na- [+present] me- [+past]

Ch 5 - Morphology Morphological rules to derive the correct forms. Since there are 3 prefixes attaching to root, we start with the one closest to root. 3.)Subject Marking X  SP + X in [+Verb] Where SP is selected from: a- [+he-subject] ni- [+I-subject] u- [+you-subject] tu- [+we-subject] penda root nipenda Object Marking tanipenda Tense Marking atanipenda Subject Marking atanipenda Output of morphology

Ch 5 - Morphology Questions about morphological rules?