Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Definition Forensic Science is the application of science to those criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Forensic Science Includes the business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system. The word forensic is derived from the Latin “forensis” meaning forum, a public place where, in Roman times, senators and others debated and held judicial proceedings.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Criminalistics vs Criminology Criminalistics is the scientific examination of physical evidence for legal purposes. Criminology includes the psychological angle, studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. In the crime lab the principles and techniques of the physical and natural sciences are practiced and applied to the analysis of crime- scene evidence. Scope of Forensic Science
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Archimedes May have been first forensic scientist when he determined that King Heron’s gold crown was not pure gold. How did he accomplish this?
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Sherlock Holmes 1880’s Sir Arthur Conan Doyle creates first Fictional Forensic Science character.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Mathieu Orfila 1814 Father of forensic toxicology, published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their affects on animals.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Alphonse Bertillon 1879 Devised the first scientific system of personal identification through anthropometry, series of body measurements (later replaced by fingerprinting in 1900s).
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide.
Francis Galton Undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints and developed methodology of classifying them for filing. Published Finger Prints in 1892.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide.
Scotland Yard 1894 Add fingerprints to the Bertillon System Not without humor: Scotland Yard's crime database is called Home Office Large Major Enquiry System, and the acronym is HOLMES. The training program is called "Elementary“.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Leone Lattes 1915 Designed a simple procedure for determining the blood types A, B, and AB. Calvin Goddard 1950 Refined the technique of comparing bullets using a comparison microscope.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Albert S. Osborne 1910 Developed the fundamental principles of document examination. Also authored the book, Questioned Documents.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Hans Gross 1893 Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific disciplines to the criminal investigation.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide Edmond Locard Developed a crime lab in Lyons, France, using Hans Gross’ principles. This is considered the first workable crime lab.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide – First Crime Lab Opens in the United States (Los Angeles) 1929 – 2 nd Crime Lab established at Northwestern University
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Director of the FBI J. Edgar Hoover 1932 Establishes and trains staff of the Federal Crime Lab Goal to create an efficiently run, professional law enforcement agency First week lab was opened – handled 20 cases Today they handle 1000’s of cases each week and have over 80 million fingerprints on file. He also founded the National Police Academy
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. There are approximately 320 public crime labs operating at various levels of government. Despite all the new technological developments, basic police work still depends on careful observation, careful questioning, detailed collection of evidence, critical thinking and problem solving.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Reasons for the rapid growth of crime labs during the last 25 years: Supreme Court decisions in the 1960’s Staggering increase in crime rates in the US. Introduction of DNA profiling. Increase in drug related arrests – single most important factor in the US is drug analysis.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Four major federal crime labs Organization of the Crime Lab FBI DEA ATF USPIS
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. The FB I maintains the largest crime lab in the world. Its expertise and technology support its broad investigative powers.
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Physical Science Unit Applies principles and techniques of chemistry, physics and geology for identification and comparison of crime scene evidence. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Biology Unit Identification and DNA profiling of dried blood stains and other bodily fluids; comparison of hair and fibers and other botanical materials. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Firearms Unit Examination of firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells and ammunition of all types. Also detect firearm discharge on garments and other objects. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Document Examination Unit Study of handwriting and typewriting to ascertain authenticity and/or source. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Photography Unit Examine and record physical evidence using digital imaging, infrared, ultraviolet and x-ray photography. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Toxicology Unit Examination of body fluids and organs to determine the presence or absence of drugs and poisons. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Fingerprint Unit Processing and examining evidence for fingerprints. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Polygraph Unit The lie detector has become an essential tool to the criminal investigator. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Voiceprint Analysis Unit A sound spectrograph transforms speech into visual graphic display called a voiceprint. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Trace Evidence Unit Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Impressions and Tool Marks Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Evidence Collection Unit Trained personnel are dispatched to the crime scene to preserve and collect evidence. Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Arson Investigation Services of the Crime Lab
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Forensic Pathologist Performs autopsy to establish cause of death being: natural homicide suicide accident undetermined. Also known as the Medical Examiner or Coroner. Forensic Science Specialists
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Forensic Psychiatry Evaluation of behavioral disorder and to determine whether a person is competent in civil and criminal cases. Examines behavioral patterns of criminals as an aide in developing a suspect’s profile. Forensic Science Services
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Forensic Odontology Provide identification of victims through characteristics of teeth, alignment, and mouth structure when compared to dental records. Also does Bite Mark Analysis. Forensic Science Services
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Forensic Entomologist Study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation. Can estimate time of death – since blow flies are the first to infest the body. Forensic Science Services
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide.
Forensic Anthropologist Identifies and examines the human skeletal remains to determine: Origin, Sex, Race, Age, and Injury Also creates Facial Reconstructions. Forensic Science Services
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. Forensic Engineering Accident Reconstruction Failure Analysis Causes of Fire and Explosions Forensic Science Services
Copyright © 2003, Peter Bocchino - Legacy of Truth® All rights reserved worldwide. End of Chapter 1