Homework Study for the Practice Regents tomorrow. Can replace your lowest test grade.

I. Israeli Palestinian Conflict A. Palestine controlled by Britain until 1948: Britain had promised to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine after World War I (The Balfour Declaration), but broke their promise. Still, with anti-Semitism rising in Europe during the 1930s, many Jews immigrate to Palestine. B. After the Holocaust, UN agrees to give Jews their own state in Palestine called Israel. 1.UN partitions Palestine into two states – one Jewish, one Arab (1948) 2.Arabs NO NOT accept the partition plan and war breaks out. United Nations Partition of Palestine (1948)

C War 1.After partition, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria & Jordan attack Israel. 2.Israel holds all of its own land, plus some of the land originally designated for a Palestinian state. 3.Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians flee to Arab states – 700,000 were refused entry into other Arab countries are were forced to live in refugee camps. They faced terrible poverty and discrimination.

D. Six Day War (1967) 1.Egypt blockades Israeli shipping route, Israel interprets as an act of war. 2.Israeli forces attack Egypt and Syria, defeating them in six days. 3.Israel takes three key pieces of land: a.Sinai Peninsula (bordering Egypt) b.West Bank (bordering Jordan) c.Golan Heights (bordering Syria)

E. Camp David Accords (1979) 1. Anwar Sadat (leader of Egypt), Jimmy Carter (U.S. President) and Menachem Begin (Prime Minister of Israel) sign an agreement to establish peace between Egypt and Israel. 2. Israel gives Egypt back the Sinai Peninsula, in return Egypt accepts Israel’s right to exist (“land for peace”). 3. Sadat assassinated by Muslim radicals in Egypt opposed to peace with Israel.

F. Rise of the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) 1.Formed in 1964 to deal with the problem of displaced Palestinians. 2.Used terrorist tactics to get its demands met: a. Bombings in Israel b. Attack and kill Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics 3. Led by Yassir Arafat 4. Intifada (“uprising”): In late 1980s and 1990s, young Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza began use boycotts, demonstrations and attacks on Israeli soldiers to fight for a Palestinian state.

G. Recent Peace Efforts 1.PLO and Arafat publicly renounce terrorism in 1988, accept Israel’s right to exist 2.Secret Meetings between Israel and the PLO lead to a peace agreement in 1993 (Oslo Peace Accords) a. Palestinians promised self-rule in Gaza Strip (Sinai Peninsula) and Jericho (West Bank). b. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Israelis who opposed peace treaty with the PLO. 3. In 2005, Israel finally began withdrawing settlers and soldiers from Gaza and the West Bank. 4. In 2006, Palestinians elected the political party Hamas to rule in Gaza. Hamas has used terrorist methods, such as rockets and suicide bombings against Israel. In 2008, Israel attacked Gaza, dimming hopes for a peace settlement.

II. Islamic Fundamentalism – Iranian Revolution of 1979, removed U.S. backed dictator (Shah), installed anti-US theocratic government – Iran Iraq War in 1980s, U.S. supported Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein against Iran’s theocratic government. Eventually, the U.S. turns on Saddam, fights the Persian Gulf War against him in 1991 (when he tries to take over the oil rich country of Kuwait) and removes him from power in 2003 (we thought he had weapons of mass destruction, which turned out to be false). – Taliban came to power in Afghanistan in the 1990s, supported Al-Qaida terrorist organization, oppressed women, removed from power by U.S. in 2001, still a present threat, NATO leaving Dec. 2014, all U.S. forces leaving by 2016, future uncertain.

III. Arab Spring ( ) A. Push for democracy across north Africa and the Middle East B. Dictators in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt removed from power but has led to confusion, chaos, and uncertainty for the future C. Syrian Civil War has claimed more than 100,000 lives with millions living in UN refugee camps in neighboring countries

IV. OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) A. Middle Eastern countries with large oil fields try to regulate prices B. Trade embargo of the US in 1970s for supporting Israel in wars