1. Splash Screen

2. Section 2 Palestine and the Mideast Crisis Israel was founded as a Jewish state in 1948, but many Palestinian Arabs refused to recognize it.

3. Section 2 After World War I, many Jews migrated to Palestine, the area Zionists claimed to be their promised land. A Zionist is a person who wants Palestine to be a home for the Jews. In 1947 the United Nations declared that Palestine should be divided into a Jewish state, called Israel, and an Arab state, called Palestine. (Balfour Declaration) The Muslim neighbors invaded the new Jewish state. The invasion was unsuccessful, but the Arab states still refused to recognize the state of Israel. Palestine and the Mideast Crisis (cont.) Arab-Israeli Disputes

4. Section 2 After coming to power in Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser seized control of the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by Great Britain and France, starting the Suez War of 1956. The United States and the Soviet Union both supported Egypt, forcing Great Britain, France, and Israel to withdraw. After the war, Nasser promoted Pan- Arabism, hoping to unite all Arabic-speaking peoples.Pan- Arabism Egypt: Nasser and Pan-Arabism

5. Section 2 The conflict between Israel and other states in the Middle East continued to escalate, and in 1967 Egypt imposed a blockade against Israeli shipping through the Suez Canal. As a result what became known as the the Six-Day War, Israel seized the Sinai Peninsula, territory on the West Bank of Jordan, and the Golan Heights, tripling the size of its territory. The Arab-Israeli Dispute Modern Middle East

6. Section 2 In 1973 Egypt and Syria led a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur. In connection with the war, the Organization of Oil Producing Countries (OPEC) announced large price increases to foreign countries, leading to serious oil shortages and economic problems in the West. The Arab-Israeli Dispute

7. Section 2 In 1978 U.S. president Jimmy Carter met with Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David in the United States. The result was the Camp David Accords, an agreement to sign an Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty and commitment of the Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. The Arab-Israeli Dispute (cont.)

8. Section 2 In 1964 the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed to represent Palestinian interests. PLO political leader Yasir Arafat began to launch terrorist attacks in Israeli territory By the 1980s, Palestinian Arabs became increasingly frustrated at failure to achieve self rule, led to a movement called the intifada With US help in the Oslo Peace Accords of 1993, Israel agreed that the PLO would control a semi- independent area. In return, the PLO recognized the Israeli state. The PLO and the Intifida

9. Section 2 Iran experienced an Islamic revolution after the country became rich from oil revenues. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led an opposition that caused the government to collapse. Revolution in Iran

10. Section 2 In 1979 Khomeini implemented an Islamic republic and restored Islamic law. Anti-American sentiments erupted when militants seized 52 Americans and held them hostage in the U.S. embassy for over a year. (known throughout history as the Iranian Hostage Crisis) After Khomeini’s death, some Iranians pushed for reforms, and in 2005 a new president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, was elected. Revolution in Iran (cont.)

11. Section 2 Saddam Hussein led Iraq beginning in 1979. Iran and Iraq have long had a tense relationship. Iranians are mostly Shia Muslims, and Iraqi leaders under Saddam Hussein were mostly Sunni Muslims. Hussein waged a brutal war against Iran in 1980. The war ended with a cease-fire in 1988. Iraq’s Aggression

12. Section 2 In 1990 Hussein sent troops to seize Kuwait, located at the head of the Persian Gulf. (Persian Gulf War) The United States led the international coalition that freed Kuwait and hoped that Hussein would be overthrown. Iraq’s Aggression (cont.)

13. Section 2 In 1979 the Soviets invaded Afghanistan and occupied the country for 10 years. The United States and Pakistan supported anti-Communist rebels, such as the Taliban, who eventually ousted the Soviet Union. The Taliban took control of Kabul in 1996, and two years later controlled two-thirds of Afghanistan. The Taliban provided support for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, which recruited Muslims to drive Westerners out of Muslim nations. Afghanistan and the Taliban

14. Section 2 Osama bin Laden led the attacks of September 11, 2001, in the United States. The United States retaliated by leading a coalition of forces against the Taliban in Afghanistan. The Taliban was replaced in 2001, by a moderate government, which still faces warfare among tribal groups and a revival of Taliban forces. Afghanistan and the Taliban (cont.)

15. Section 2 In 2002 U.S. president George Bush threatened to remove Saddam Hussein on the grounds that Iraq had chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. In 2003 a mainly U.S.-led army invaded Iraq and captured Saddam Hussein. Saddam Hussein’s supporters, foreign terrorists, and Islamic militants all battled the American-led forces. The War in Iraq

16. Section 2 A new Iraqi government was formed in 2005, but has been unable to create a unified state for the Shia Muslims, Sunni Muslims, and ethnic Kurds. In 2007 President Bush called for an increase of U.S. soldiers to help end the violence in Iraq. The War in Iraq (cont.)