1. Where is the Middle East?

2. An area of southwestern Asia and northern Africa that stretches from the Mediterranean Sea to Pakistan and includes the Arabian peninsula.

5. (Zion – hill in Jerusalem)  Pro-Jewish political movement, late 19 th century  Unite Jews around the world and settle in a new Jewish nation-state  Location should be in Palestine (Canaan): ancient homeland of the Jews (before Diaspora)  Few Jews have lived there for nearly 2,000 years

6.  British mandate after WWI  Balfour Declaration (1917)  Supported idea of national home for Jews in Palestine (Zionists)  Unable to finalize a plan  Palestinian Arabs opposed declaration, approx. 85% of population  Jewish settlers began to arrive in Palestine  Tensions increase between Jews and Muslims

7.  Holocaust led to greater international support of Zionism  British mandate over Palestine ended in 1947  Britain withdraws  UN announced resolution to partition Palestine  A Jewish state and an Arab state  Jerusalem would be separate entity administered by the UN  Jews approved, Arabs rejected

9.  David Ben Gurion becomes Israel’s fist Prime Minister  US & USSR recognize  Many Arab nations refused to recognize  Palestinian Arabs with 5 other Arab states launch a war.  Israel wins  700,000 Palestinians fled their lands. Many go to refugee camps  Israel expands its borders, Egypt occupies Gaza Strip, Jordan occupies W. Band and E. Jerusalem

12. C. In the early 1950s, Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser took control of Egypt’s government.  In 1956, Nasser seized the Suez Canal Company, which had been under British and French administration.  Great Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt, starting the Suez War of 1956.  The United States and the Soviet Union supported Egypt and Britain, France, and Israel were forced to withdraw.

14. E. During the 1950s and 1960s, the disputes between Israel and other states in the Middle East became more heated.  In 1967, Nasser blockaded Israeli shipping through the Gulf of Aqaba.

19.  Israel tripled the size of its territory  Israel occupied the  Sinai Peninsula  West Bank  City of Jerusalem  Golan Heights  Arab states demanded that Israel return the occupied territories.

20. F. Anwar el-Sadat succeeded Nasser in 1970.  In 1973, Sadat led Arab forces against Israel.  A U.N. negotiated cease-fire agreement ended the attack in 1974.

22. G. In 1960, many Arab oil-producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to gain control over oil prices. H. In 1973, oil price hikes led to oil shortages and serious economic problems in the United States and Europe.

24. I. In 1979, Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords.  An agreement ending the state of war between Egypt and Israel.  Many Arab countries continued to refuse to recognize Israel, however.

26. J. In 1964, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was formed to represent the interests of the Palestinians.  At the same time, al-Fata h, headed by PLO leader Yasir Arafat, launched terrorist attacks on Israeli territory.

28. K. During the 1980s, Palestinian Arabs began a movement called the intifada, or uprising. L. In 1993, Israel and the PLO reached an agreement calling for Palestinian autonomy in certain areas of Israel. In return, the PLO recognized Israel.