L EAVES

Palmately simple leaf.Perfoliate leaves Alternate leaf arrangementWhorled leaf

Alternate leavesPeltate leaves Alternate leavesPerfoliate leaves

Pinnately compound leavesBipinnately compound leaves Pinnately compound leaves

Perfoliate leaves

F LOWER

Simple umbel Simple umble

Simple umbel Panicle

F ERN

Frond The coiled “fiddlehead” of fern leaves are rooled-up leaf buds. Fiddleheads are formed by a pattern of growth called circinate vernation, as shown in this Blechnum fern.

Fern sporangia. Most ferns have sporangia aggregated into clusters, called sori, on the undersides of the leaves.

In some ferns, such as the marginal wood fern (Dryopteris marginalis), each sorus is covered by a flap of leaf tissue called an indusium.

EPIPHYTE Grows upon another plant (such as tree) non-parasitically or sometimes upon other objects ( such as a building or telegraph wire). Derives its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain and sometimes from debris accumulating around it.

Equisetum ( Equisitophyta ) 1.Its stem is the dominant photosynthetic organ of the plant body. 2.The conspicuous feature of the stem is the series of joints formed by a whorl of small leaves. 3.The leaves are fused along most of the length of the stem, but their brown tips give the appearance of a collar around the stem at the joints.

Strobili, or cones, are aggregations of closely packed sporangium-bearing branches or leaves.

B RYOPHYTE

This is a type of thallose liverwort. During sexual reproduction, spores produced in the capsule germinate to form independent male and female gametophytes. Marchantia also reproduces asexually by fragmentation and gemmae. Gemmae cup

G YMNOSPERM

Pinophyta (common name: conifers) The leaves are scale-like. No fascicles.

C ARNIVOROUS PLANT P ERIUK KERA Nephenthes sp.

Derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoan, typically insects and other arthropod.

Carnivorous plants appear to adapt and grow in places where the soil is low in nutrients.

Female part of Nepenthes sp. Male part of Nepenthes sp.

P ERIUK KERA