1. Division Pterophyta et. al. Ferns and their allies

2. Vascular Seedless Plants - (Ferns and their Allies) I
Vascular Seedless Plants - (Ferns and their Allies) I. Introduction General Characteristics A. Xylem and Phloem present B. Spores present but no seeds!

3. II. Classification A. Division Psilosophyta (Whisk Ferns) 1
II. Classification A. Division Psilosophyta (Whisk Ferns) 1. NO leaves or roots B.Division Lycopodophyta (Club Mosses and Quillworts) a. Very small underdeveloped leaves known as microphylls. b. Selaginella and Lycopodium are in this division. C. Division Sphenophyta (Equisetophyta) (Horsetails & Scouring Rushes) a. Also have underdeveloped leaves known as microphylls. b. Best example is Equisetum

4. D. Division Pterophyta (Ferns) 1
D. Division Pterophyta (Ferns) 1. Large complete leaves known as megaphylls 2. In ferns, these pinnate megaphylls are known as fronds. 3. Emerging fronds known as fiddleheads. Some are edible; others are not.

5. III. Division Psilophyta - (The Whisk Ferns)
A. Structure and form
Evenly forked stems which are photosynthetic
No roots or leaves
Flattened enations or preleaves are present- not yet true leaves.
Two genera in division
Psilotum -
Tmesipteris –

6. Whisk fern (Psilotum)
Notice the flattened enations. With attached
sporangia

7. B. Reproduction of Whisk ferns
Small sporangia borne on short stubby branches
Meiosis occurs in sporangia producing meiospores
Meiospores germinate slowly in soil or on bark of tree ferns
Gametophytes found beneath the soil and are very small
Archegonia and Antheridia produced on this colorless gametophyte
Fertilization occurs inside the archegonium
Sporophyte develops from the zygote.

8. IV. Division Lycopod0phyta – (The club mosses and quillworts.)
A .Lycopodium – ground pines
1. Structure and form
Evergreen herbs
Many tropical forms
Dichotomously branched stems
Small leaves called microphylls

10. 2. Reproduction
Strobilus, or cone like structure formed in many species
Sporophylls have sporangia, where the meiosis occurs
Meiospores germinate in the soil and produce gametophytes, each of which has archegonia and antheridia
Fertilization occurs in archegonium, producing a zygote
Zygote develops into mature sporophyte
Asexual reproduction may occur by bulbils, small budlike structures in leaves

11. Lycopodia (Ground Pines)
strobila
sporophyte

12. B. Selaginella – spike mosses
1. Structure and form
a. Filmy ground covers in tropical forests
b. Extra appendage, called ligules, present
on leaves
c. They produce Heterospory, or two
different sexual spores
2. Reproduction
a. Separate male and female gametophytes
Microspores – male gametophytes
Megaspores – female gametophytes

13. Selaginella lepidophylla

14. V. Division Sphenophyta - (Equisetophyta ) A. Structure and Form
1. Equisetum = means horsetail
a.Branching forms called horsetail
b. Non-branching forms called scouring rush
2. Silica content of stems = Colonial “brillo pads”
used to clean pots
3. Herbaceous
4. Whorls of branches and/or leaves (Microphylls)
5. Stems distinctly ribbed
6. Central canal system hollow = used by Native
Americans to sneak up on enemies

15. Equisetum (horsetail or scouring rush)

16. B.Reproduction
1. Cones or strobili formed
2. Sporangiophores bear the elongated
sporangia
3. Spores produced by meiosis in the sporangia
4. Spores germinate and produce green
cushion-like gametophytes
5. Male and female gametophytes formed;
females become bisexual after 4-6
weeks

17. Equisetum

18. This is the spore producing strobilus of Equisetum.

19. VI. Division Pterophyta – The True Ferns A. Structure and form 1
VI. Division Pterophyta – The True Ferns A. Structure and form 1.Tiny floating aquatic forms to giant tropical tree ferns 2.Large megaphyll leaves called fronds 3.Young coiled leaves called fiddleheads; Some are edible; others are not. 4.Underground stems called rhizomes 5. Abundant in tropical climates; fairly common in subtropical climes like ours.

21. B. Reproduction
1. Fronds bear sporangia in clusters called sori
on underside.
2. Meiosis occurs in sporangia
3. Spores violently ejected from sporangia
4. Spores grow in heart shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.
5. Archegonia and Antheridium produced on
gametophyte (prothallus)
6. Fertilization forms zygote, which grows into
embryo
7. Embryo forms new fern plant called a
sporophyte (dominant stage)
8. Fronds contain a pinnate form of leaf division.

22. Sori on the underside of fern fronds.

23. That’s all folks!