Managing Peace and Security Diplomacy and Deterrence

1.1 Why do Conflicts occur among countries? All countries protect their national interests Conflicts occur when countries disagree on issues Disagreements arise over the following: Competing Territory Conflict over scarce natural resources Conflict over ideological differences

Competing Territory Control over land can mean a lot to a country esp. if The land is important to their defence The land represents national pride Sometimes countries try to control land that isn’t theirs If a territory is claimed by two countries, it can result in conflict.

Conflict over Border In 1947, India inherited a border drawn by the British China disagreed with the border Difficult in having a clear border because most of the frontier is inaccessible Two border regions became areas of conflict: Aksai Chin Plateau (West) North Eastern Frontier Agency (East)

Conflict over Border Late 1950s, China was unwilling to negotiate seriously with India and commit to a fixed border In 1958, China built a road on the Aksai Chin Plateau and India protested that China had violated India’s territorial rights China disagreed saying that the border was not fixed

Conflict over Border In 1959, tension worsened when fighting broke out By mid-1961, China occupied more territories of India it regarded as its own India demanded the return of the territories 1962, war broke out India and China signed an agreement in 2005 to address the issue but it has not been resolved

Conflict over scarce resources Natural resources are unequally distributed around the world Some countries have more, some have less Those with less might use force to gain more, especially when these resources are necessary for survival

Conflict over scarce resources During the 1970s, Iceland and Britain were in conflict over fishing grounds Iceland depended on fishing for survival and felt threatened when fishermen from other European countries overfished around Iceland Fish stocks decreased around Iceland

Conflict over scarce resources In 1975, Iceland extended its zone of control over fishing from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles No countries could fish within that boundary without Iceland’s permission Britain refused to acknowledge the boundary Iceland cut diplomatic ties with Britain in Feb 1976

Conflict over scarce resources Ties only restored in June 1976 after an agreement was signed Britain could only catch a fixed amount Iceland’s patrols could stop boats to check them

Conflict over ideological differences Different values and beliefs among countries can cause conflict Countries can come into conflict if they feel that their ideologies are being threatened

Conflict over ideological differences North Korea and South Korea fought a war because N. Korea believed in communism and South Korea believed in Democracy Korea was divided at the 38th Parallel after WW II The northern part was temporarily occupied by the USSR while the South was occupied by USA

Conflict over ideological differences The UN called for an election in 1947 to establish a government to unite Korea The USSR refused and installed a communist regime in the North North Korea invaded the South in 1950 to unite Korea under communism The USA, its allies and the UN defended South Korea

Conflict over ideological differences UN forces forced the North Koreans back In Aug 1953, an agreement to stop fighting was signed by all parties and a demilitarised zone between North and South was created.

2.2 Why is Deterrence necessary? Being militarily self-reliant is important Singapore experienced the Japanese occupation and Indonesian Confrontation Without a strong military force, people do not feel secure and foreign companies are not willing to invest Singapore government realised this when the British pulled out in 1966.

2.3 How is Deterrence practised? A citizen armed force 3rd Generation Singapore Armed Forces Singapore’s Defence Industry Total Defence Multi-Agency coordination on security Military co-operation with other countries

A Citizen Armed Force Singapore could not afford a large professional army The government decided to build a citizen armed force through enlistment In 1967, National Service was introduced Singaporeans learn to defend the nation in their time in NS Singaporeans also bond through their experiences in NS

A Citizen Armed Force Upon completion of NS, these men would continue to serve as operationally-ready NS men for 10 years. During their training, they would undergo refresher courses and maintain their competence

3rd Generation Singapore Armed Forces Warfare has become more complex Therefore, SAF consistently enhances its capabilities in warfare through R&D SAF started a project with research institutes and local unis to create the 3G SAF 3G SAF works towards maximising defensive capabilities through modern technology

Singapore’s Defence Industry SAF needs the latest technology to build an effective fighting force Singapore does this by building its own defence industry, making SAF self-reliant The defence industry started in 1967 with the establishment of Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) CIS has now developed into a successful defence company

Singapore’s Defence Industry Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) formed in 2000 to provide cost-effective and modern technology to the SAF Focuses on buying and upgrading weapons, as well as developing new weapons Conducts research with other countries

Total Defence Civil Defence Economic Defence Social Defence Psychological Defence Military Defence

Total Defence: Civil Defence Important to know what to do in a civil emergency Example: Hotel New World Disaster

Total Defence: Economic Defence Today’s economy requires Singaporeans to adjust to changing demands Constant need to upgrade skills Singapore Workforce Development Agency (WDA) formed in 2009 WDA works with other agencies to help workers upgrade their skills

Total Defence: Social Defence Active strengthening of Social ties through various organisations (CDC and IRCC) Activities include visit to places of worship and inter-faith dialogues Helps ensure that unity will not be broken during testing situations

Total Defence: Psychological Defence Having pride and loyalty and wanting to stand up and defend Singapore Having will and mental strength to overcome challenges Example: SARS

Multi-Agency coordination National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS) set up to coordinate various government agencies Close networking strengthens Singapore’s national security NSCS meets regularly to plan national security policies and strategies. Also works with commercial and private parties to combat threats

Military Co-operation with other countries Singapore actively fosters friendly ties with armed forces of other countries through Bilateral military agreements and exercises Agreements with France, Australia, India Exercises with Malaysia and Indonesia Multi-lateral military agreements and exercises Five Power Defence Arrangements Exercises conducted every year Members consult one another on deterrence

3.1 Why is Diplomacy necessary? Countries are connected to one another Countries use diplomacy to pursue mutual interests Enables countries to cooperate and solve problems Resolve conflicts peacefully Allows countries to help one another

3.2 How is Diplomacy practised? Bilateral Relations Regional Relations International Relations

Bilateral Relations Country-to-Country relationship Singapore has been actively involved in expanding bilateral relations Benefits Trade – Japan, Germany, USA Technology acquisition

Bilateral Relations Further promote political, economic and cultural ties Malaysia Indonesia Singapore able to speed up economic and social development

Bilateral Relations Singapore willing to help others Vietnam Nepal Aceh (Tsunami Relief) Singapore gains world recognition and respect

Regional Relations Association of countries in a region Combining strengths of member countries, the association becomes stronger Be in a better position when dealing with others Examples: European Union (UN) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Regional Relations (ASEAN) 1967, five countries formed ASEAN Indonesia Malaysia The Philippines Singapore Thailand ASEAN Declaration signed in Bangkok 8 Aug 1967

Regional Relations (ASEAN) 1960s, SE Asia was going through various challenges SE Asian leaders saw the need for a regional organisation Maintain stability Build trust ASEAN is a venue for resolving disputes among member countries ASEAN Is a united and collective voice to strengthen bargaining power with other countries

Regional Relations (ASEAN) ASEAN Initiatives ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) SE Asia is attractive to investors However, intense competition from India & China Economic Integration is necessary ASEAN launched AFTA in 1992 Aims to remove import taxes Long term plan: integrate Asian economies into a single production base. Remove import taxes by 2015

Regional Relations (ASEAN) ASEAN Initiatives ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Created in 1994 Involves countries in Asia-Pacific region Maintain peace by promoting political and security dialogue Avenue for peaceful discussion and security issues Participants include China, Japan, North Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, USA and Canada

Regional Relations (ASEAN) ASEAN Initiatives Education and Professional Exchange One of Singapore’s contribution to ASEAN is technical knowledge Provides technical training Singapore offers scholarships under Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) No bond involved and allows students from any ASEAN country to study in Singapore universities

Regional Relations (ASEAN) ASEAN Initiatives Economic cooperation and assistance Help narrow economic gap between member countries Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Five-year aid package S$80 million Selected member countries

Regional Relations (ASEAN) ASEAN Initiatives Environmental Collaboration Indonesian Forest Fires in 1997 Created serious haze problem in the region Singapore offered assistance in the monitoring of fires through satellite images

International Relations (UN) Formed 26 June 1945 Membership of 192 countries

Singapore and the UN 117th Member on 21 September 1965 Gave Singapore recognition as a sovereign state UN helped Singapore by sending experts in economic and social development Dr. Albert Winsemius

UN Law of the Sea Conference Defines how countries can draw territorial sea borders States rights of landlocked states to access the seas Provides guidelines to safeguard the marine environment Protects freedom of scientific research Prof. Tommy Koh was President of the Third UN Conference of the Law of the Sea

UN Security Council Five permanent members 10 rotating members United States, United Kingdom, France, China and Russia 10 rotating members Singapore was a rotating member 2001-2002 Singapore served as President of the Council Showed confidence member states have in Singapore

UN Peacekeeping operations Help countries torn by conflicts Peacekeeping operations are auhorised by UN Security Council Peacekeepers are soldiers, military officers, police officers and civilian personnel Singapore has been involved since 1989 2005 – S’pore involved in 13 operations in 11 different countries