2. Nancy Tay Conflicts among Countries

3. Nancy Tay What you need to know The causes of international conflicts Key Concepts you need to know War – armed conflict between two or more governments or states Cold War – a period of suspicion and hostility between communist and capitalist countries. It usually refers to the tension between capitalist USA and communist USSR, although no war was fought between them

4. Nancy Tay Key Concepts you need to know Communism – a classless social and political system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole. Capitalism – A system in which production and trade are based on the private ownership of wealth and free market Democracy – Government by all the people usually through elected representatives

5. Nancy Tay Reasons for Conflicts Among Countries Present alternative courses of action Discuss pros/cons of each Causes of Conflict Among Countries Competition for scarce resources such as land, water, Oil and fish Differing values And belief systems Competing claims Over territory for Defense or national pride

6. Nancy Tay Case Study 1 : Conflict between Iceland and Britain over fishing ground Competition for Scarce Nat Resources

7. Nancy Tay Background details 1.Iceland has few natural resources-> depends on its fishing industry for survival 79% of Iceland’s total export comprises fresh fish and fish products Therefore, impt to maintain sustainable levels of fish stocks in the seas around Iceland Competition for Scarce Nat Resources

8. Nancy Tay Background details 2.1970’s Fish stocks, especially cod, fell by 1/3 because of overfishing by Belgium, German and British fishermen in th e seas around Iceland 3.Iceland wanted other countries to reduce the volume of their fish catches Competition for Scarce Nat Resources

9. Nancy Tay Steps Taken and Results Iceland suggested several ways to regulate fishing to the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea -> most suggestions were ignored Oct 1975: Iceland extended its zone of control over fishing grounds from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles Most countries complied with the new regulation, except Britain which continued to fish inside the disputed areas Competition for Scarce Nat Resources

10. Nancy Tay Steps Taken and Results Nov 1975: Frequent collisions between Britain’s frigates and Iceland’s Coast Guard -> each side blamed the other for the collisions Feb 1976: Iceland broke off diplomatic ties with Britain June 1976: Iceland and Britain signed an agreement Competition for Scarce Nat Resources

11. Nancy Tay Steps Taken and Results Terms: Britain was allowed to catch a fixed amount of fish A max of 24 British trawlers were allowed inside the 200 nautical-mile-zone at any one time Icelandic patrol vessels were allowed to stop and inspect British trawlers suspected of violating the agreement Agreement would last 6 months after which, Britain had no right to fish inside the 200 nautical-mile-zone Competition for Scarce Nat Resources

12. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies The Jordan river is the major source of water for both Israel and Jordan Early 1950s:Israel wanted to cultivate additional desert land -> built a new pipeline to bring water from the Jordan River to the Negev Desert called the National Water Carrier, an integrated network of pumping stations, reservoirs, canals and pipelines Pipelines became the central water supply for Israel but pipeline was a threat to Jordan’s water supply

13. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies

14. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Downstream users in Jordan could not get the water they needed Border clashes between Jordan and Israel 1967 Israeli – Jordanian War Israel won and occupied the Golan Heights Israel also Gained complete control of the Upper Jordan River Jordan could not tap as much water from the Jordan River Critical shortage of water in Jordan

15. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Israel also destroyed a dam Jordan was constructing on the Yarmouk River during the war Diverted large amounts of water from the Yarmouk River into Lake Tiberias Obstructed all attempts by Jordan to build a water storage system to improve its water supply

16. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Yarmouk River Lake Tiberias Golan Heights

17. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Israel and Jordan over Water Supplies Steps Taken and Results Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty Both agree to share the Jordan River and provide each other with water Both agree to build dams and create storage facilities to hold excess rainwater

18. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Before WWII, Korea was under Japanese control Aug 1945: Japanese surrendered. Korea was divided into two half at the 38 th parallel: Russian troops occupied territories north of 38 th parallel American troops occupied territories south of the parallel Different Values and Beliefs

19. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea

20. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea 1947: UN called for an election to establish a single government for a united Korea USSR refused to allow an election in the north Created a Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or North Korea (capital at Pyongyang) Became a communist country Different Values and Beliefs

21. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Aug 1948: election was held in the south =>formation of the Republic of Korea or South Korea (capital at Seoul) 1949: Russian and American troops withdrew from North and South respectively Governments of the two Koreas each claimed the right to rule the whole Korean peninsula This led to frequent border clashes Different Values and Beliefs

22. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea WAR 1950-1953

23. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea War broke out between the two Koreas North Korea supported by communist People’s Republic of China South Korea supported by the USA and its western allies USA and it’s allies agreed to defend the South with the support of the UN to prevent the communists from extending their influence into South Korea

24. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea 1950—June 25 Early morning, North Korean People’s Army invaded South Korea with seven assault infantry divisions, a tank brigade and 2 independent infantry regiments. UN Security Council resolution calls for an end of aggression from North Korea Korean War Chronological Order

25. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea

26. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order

27. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order

28. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronological Order

29. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea Korean War Chronologica l Order

30. Nancy Tay Conflict Between Democracy and Communism In North and South Korea 1953: Both sides signed an agreement to stop the fighting Creation of a demilitarized zone between North and South Korea, that is, an area where there are no weapons or soldiers

31. Nancy Tay Border Conflicts between India and China Competing Claims Over Territory WAR 6 th October 1962

32. Nancy Tay Border Conflicts between India and China

33. Nancy Tay Border Conflicts between India and China No clear defined border between India and China because much of their frontier lies in the inaccessible Himalayas Two border regions became areas of conflict between India and China: Aksai Chin plateau on the western end of India-China frontier North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) on the eastern end of the India-China frontier

34. Nancy Tay Border Conflicts between India and China Late 1950s: China began to contest India’s presence in several localities along the border 1958: China announced that it had build a road on the Aksai Chin plateau Protests by the Indian government=> tension increased 1959: Tension worsened when fighting broke out in the NEFA and Aksai Chin regions

35. Nancy Tay Border Conflicts between India and China Mid – 1961: China occupied more of the territories which India regarded as its own Indian government demanded the return of these territories but China refused 1962: War broke out between China and India Ended quickly although issues not resolved Numerous border incidents have broken out since 1962

36. Nancy Tay Border Conflicts between India and China Sino Indian war 1962 Sino Indian war 1962 - This website offer a detailed account of the Indian China war of 1962 Readings 1. Basmati Case Study 2. Problems and Issues in Modern History – Korea 3. Norway –IWC dispute on Whaling 4. Israeli Water Use and Exports