© Trivector Citizens’ Accessibility with Sustainable Transport Modes as basis when Defining the Right Mix of Measures Hanna Wennberg, Trivector Traffic AB, Sweden Erika Knobblock, City of Malmö, Sweden – the Accessibility Index

© Trivector DEVELOPING AN ACCESSIBILITY INDEX  Overarching goal of the mobility policy in the City of Malmö: 2 Walking, cycling and public transport are the first hand choices for transport. Objectives:  Develop a normative accessibility index based on relevant measurements  Use maps to illustrate sustainable accessibility based on a number of criteria for sustainable transport modes  Assess the impact of measures undertaken  Accessibility with sustainable transport modes (relative to car) is crucial for more sustainable transport systems  There are several ways to measure accessibility, but no accepted method to sum up different measurements

© Trivector ACCESSIBILITY – A DEFINITION 3 The ease of access or how easily people can reach desired activities:  Macro-level – geographical accessibility and land-use patterns  Meso-level – availability and quality of transport modes  Micro-level – occurrence of various environmental barriers (poor standard) Place-specific accessibility – accessibility of areas Individual accessibility – accessibility of individuals or groups Individual accessibility – accessibility of individuals or groups Freedom of choice – be able to choose between several modes with good accessibility Robustness – sustainable, reliable, safe, meet various needs etc.

© Trivector MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY 4  Travel time  Distance  Density  Relative attractiveness, e.g. travel time ratio Selected accessibility measurements are based on previous research, e.g. the EU project ISEMOA ( and “Enkla tillgänglighetsmått” (funded by Swedish Transport Administration).

© Trivector 5 Haugen K (2011) The Advantage of ‘Near’: Which Accessibilities Matter to Whom? EJTIR 11(4): Children's accessibility is the most important! Access to leisure/ recreation, work, friends, grocery store, care centre. Access to activities you rarely do or to activities more "on the road"

© Trivector 6 ScoreLevel of accessibility 5 Good accessibility 4 3 Average accessibility – ”acceptable level” Poor accessibility Calculation principle 226 areas in Malmö collect scores based on eight criteria for accessibility with sustainable transport modes The accessibility index is the mean value for the eight criteria

© Trivector 8 CRITERIA 7 1. Travel time by walking to 10 destinations 2. Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations 3. Travel time ratio bicycle/car to 10 destinations 4. Travel time ratio PT/car to 3 destinations (city centre, nearest shopping mall, nearest major node in public transport) 5. Distance to nearest bus stop (with good headway) 6. Distance to nearest major node in public transport 7. Distance to nearest carpool 8. Range of travel opportunities, i.e. access to several sustainable modes with good accessibility (freedom of choice)

© Trivector 10 DESTINATIONS 8 1. Nearest child care3 2. Nearest school3 3. Nearest care centre2 4. Nearest grocery store2 5. Nearest park/recreational area2 6. Nearest public facility for sports/exercise1 7. Nearest play ground (only theme level)1 8. City centre3 9. Nearest community centre3 10. Nearest shopping mall2

© Trivector 9 Share of citizens in Malmö living in areas with different accessibility levels: 59 % of the citizens in Malmö have at least an acceptable accessibility with sustainable modes. 59 % of the citizens in Malmö have at least an acceptable accessibility with sustainable modes.

© Trivector 10 Distance (m)Travel time (min)Score m- 3,75 min m3,75 - 7,5 min m7, min m ,5 min m22, min m30 - min0 1. Travel time by walking to 10 destinations

© Trivector 11 Distance (m)Travel time (min)Score - 1 km- 3,75 min5 1-2 km3,75 - 7,5 min4 2-4 km7, min3 4-6 km ,5 min2 6-9 km22,5 - 33,75 min1 9 - km33,75 - min0 2. Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations

© Trivector Travel time ratio (bicycle/car)Score (more than 1) - 1,254 1,25 - 1,53 1,5 - 1,752 1,75 – Travel time ratio bicycle/car to 10 destinations

© Trivector Distance (m)Score -199 m m m m m m Distance to nearest bus stop (with good headway) Only bus stops with at least: 30 minutes headway on weekdays at 06-00, Saturdays at and Sundays at AND 10 minutes headway on weekdays at and 15-18

© Trivector CriteriaScore Mean score  4,5 AND no score < 3 5 Mean score  3,5 AND no score < 3 4 Mean score  3 AND no score < 3 3 Mean score  2 2 Mean score  1 1 Mean score < Range of travel opportunities, i.e. access to several sustainable modes with good accessibility (freedom of choice) Aggregate of four criteria:  1: Travel time by walking to 10 destinations  2: Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations  6: Distance to nearest bus stop  7: Distance to nearest major node in PT

© Trivector HOW THE CITY OF MALMÖ USES THE INDEX  Status reports  Compare different investment options  Compare accessibility between areas and for population groups  Evaluate effectiveness of various measures  Monitor progress over time 15

© Trivector RIGHT MIX OF MEASURES 16 Physical measures Communicative measures HIGHLOW Use of sustainable modes Accessibility with sustainable modes POOR GOOD Physical + communicative measures Maintain…

© Trivector 17 Scores for the 10 destinations (1. travel time by walking to 10 destinations, 5-7. distances to nearest bus stop, nearest major node in PT, and carpool): Share of children (0-6) Nearest child care

© Trivector Hanna Wennberg, Trivector Traffic Erika Knobblock, City of Malmö