Biotechnology Genetically modified mice have been crucial to deciphering mechanisms of disease. Test: Tues. 2/14 protein synthesis, biotech, pGlo lab, mutations Test: Tues. 2/14 protein synthesis, biotech, pGlo lab, mutations

Review what you Know... Selective Breeding—uses naturally occurring genetic variation (produces desired traits) Inbreeding—crossing similar genotypes (produces undesirable traits) ex: dogs, plants, cattle Hybridization—crossing different genotypes (horses + donkeys = mules) Mutations—changes in DNA **Ultimate source of genetic variation**

Genetic Engineering Technique used to identify and/or alter genes at a molecular level Making changes to DNA Faster method Requires equipment and $$

Types of Genetic Engineering DNA Fingerprinting by gel electrophoresis Transformation of DNA Transgenic organisms GMOs Cloning Gene therapy Pest resistant cotton & corn

DNA Fingerprinting Unique system of bands that represent segments of DNA that were cut with restriction enzymes Look for matching bands to identify individuals or determine paternity Suspect 1 Suspect 2 Crime scene evidence

Transformation of DNA DNA from one organism is taken into another (sometimes unrelated) organism Requires: Restriction enzymes—cut DNA at specific sites Vectors—”DNA Taxis” to move the gene (usually a virus or plasmid)

Restriction Enzymes Regognize DNA palindromes (reads the same forward and backwards) EX: RACECAR Cut at specific sites

How Restriction Enzymes Work

Plasmid Vectors Small circular pieces of bacterial DNA Sections can be removed, manipulated, and reinserted (gluing back into DNA using base pair rule)

Plasmid Vectors

Producing a Transgenic Organism

Transgenic Animals Cows that produce more milk, less lactose Chickens that grow faster, larger Spider goat—use silk protein (from spider gene) in goat milk to produce bulletproof vests, artificial tendons, clothing Cloning

Glow Genes As Markers Green fluorescent protein (GFP) derived from jellyfish Provides permanent markers that follow the cancerous cells as they grow or spread throughout the body. The glow-in-the-dark cats have been created by scientists working on Aids

PGlo gene The source of the pGlo gene is from the bioluminescent jellyfish, Aequorea Victoria which allows the jellyfish to fluoresce and glow in the dark. E. coli can be transformed to express this gene (make the GFP protein) and cause the E. coli to glow green when exposed to UV light.

Transgeneic/Genetically modified foods Crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. Plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits Pest resistance, cold tolerance, nutrition, disease resistance, drought tolerance GMOs & GM Foods

Cloning Donated egg has nucleus removed Fertilized using electricity with a diploid cell Implanted into surrogate mother to grow and develop Clones— because DNA came from sheep 2 Sheep 1 Sheep 2 Sheep 3 Sheep 2 clone

Gene Therapy Changing a gene that causes a genetic disorder Bad gene is replaced with a working (good) gene that makes the needed protein Common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA Ex: targeting cancerous cells, treat genetic disorders such as Huntingtons, Leukemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Diabetes

Gene Therapy