Basic Chemistry

I. Matter Basic material of the universe 4 states II. Atoms that have their own distinct properties and are classified on those properties into CHEMICAL ELEMENTS. ELEMENTS ARE REFERRED TO BY THEIR

Elements of the human body and their Chemical Symbols

A. Atom is composed of two parts 1. Nucleus a. of the atom b. 100,000 X’s than the entire atom c. of the atoms mass d. different subatomic particles

2. charged particle Protons a. protons are identical b. Mass of a Proton is 1 AMU (1.66 X 10-24) 3. particle Neutrons a. Neutrons are identical b. Mass of a Neutron close to 1 AMU

4. Space at which electrons are to be found. a. the nucleus b. 1/1836 AMU c. charged particle

d. whirl around the electron shell randomly 1. Located in based on the electrons. energy electrons are to the nucleus energy electrons are to the nucleus energy electrons are away energy electrons are away 2. Energy levels can hold only a of electrons 1st level can hold up to electrons 2nd & 3rd level can hold up to electrons

B. Number of protons = number of electrons in an atom B. Number of protons = number of electrons in an atom Number of protons in the atom Hydrogen 1 Proton AN 1 Carbon 6 Protons AN 6 Oxygen Protons AN 8 Nitrogen 7 Protons AN C. Number of protons and Neutrons

D. All this information is on the periodic table of elements. 1. Family, columns = 2. Period, rows = Each block tells specific information a. b. c. d.

E. Atoms Combining to form large particles 1. 2 or more of the atoms that come together. IE...O2, N2, H2 2. Combination of 2 or more kinds of atoms. ie....H20 CO2 3. of 2 or more molecules & compounds. Can be from each other. of 2 or more molecules & compounds. Can be from each other.

III. Chemical Bonding 3 Types of chemical bonds A. Positive and negative ions are held together by the forces that are exerted by particles of charges. Opposite attract.- - positive ions - positive ions - negative ions - negative ions

B. Covalent Bonds - 1. Share electron - single covalent bond 2. Share electrons - double covalent bonds

C. Hydrogen Bonds - form between a atom and a molecule with a weak negative charge. to ionic because the force is electrostatic but it is. to ionic because the force is electrostatic but it is.

IV. Chemical Reaction 2 types A. - Combination of atoms, ions, or molecules to form a larger molecule. A + B = AB When this reaction occurs in the cell it is referred to as anabolism. B. - Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. AB = A + B When this occurs in the body it is referred to as

V. Chemical Compounds of the Cell major groups major groups A. - do not contain chain of carbon atoms and are usually held together by ionic bonds most inorganic compound in the body % a. - desired medium for chemical reaction in the body. b. - small size makes it able to transport tiny solutes and larger compounds. c. - regulate internal body temperature. d. - reduces friction in the body.

2. Salts - 3. Acids & Bases a. - molecule releases 1 or more hydrogen ions. Strong - ionizes completely - ionizes partially - ionizes partially b. - Molecules reduces the hydrogen ion concentration. When it ionizes in water it binds with the hydrogen ions to naturalized - ionizes completely - ionizes completely Weak - ionizes partially Our bodies have a system that makes strong acids and bases into weaker ones to have less effect.

c. pH Scale RangesMeasures the number of in a volume of water.

B. Organic Compounds Molecules that serve as the of most living structures and control most functions. They each contain carbon atoms

4 Major Categories 1. - sugars & Starches & account for 2% of the bodies mass. Contain carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen Hydrogen & Oxygen in a 2:1 ratio C6H12O6 Types of carbohydrates based on the number of carbons present. A. - simple sugars -lowest number of carbohydrates (3 - 7) IE.. Glucose, Fructose. Galactose B. - formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together. (Dehydration synthesis) C. - long chains of simple sugars that are chemically bonded. IE...glycogen

2. Lipids - do not dissolve in water Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but not a 2:1 ratio. IE...fats, phospholipid, & steroids A. Fats( ) - composed of fatty acids & glycerol that are in a ratio of 3:1. fat - animal proteins, long carbon chain with single bonds. fat - animal proteins, long carbon chain with single bonds. - short chain with double bonds, plants. - short chain with double bonds, plants. B. - similar to fats but have only fatty acids chains, used in cell membranes. C. - ring structures, hormones

3. Proteins % of the mass of the cell Basic structure material of the body. Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Sulfur. Composed of Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Sulfur. (A.A.) 20 essential A.A. (A.A.) 20 essential A.A. bond ( bond) forms between them when A.A. comes together. bond ( bond) forms between them when A.A. comes together. - more then AA - more then AA - more than A.A. - more than A.A. Each protein has a sequence. - catalysts for body activities: they a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change themselves. - catalysts for body activities: they a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change themselves. - alteration of protein by external factors. - alteration of protein by external factors.

4. Nucleic Acids (N.A.) - long organic molecules that hold information. Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, & Phosphorus. - building block of N.A. - building block of N.A. Each nucleotide is arranged into basic groups

3 types of N.A. 1. DNA A. carbon sugar B. 4 nitrogen bases Strands are held together by hydrogen bond that twist together like a twisted ladder, double helix. Contains - genetic material of life.

2. RNA A. 5 carbon sugar B. 4 nitrogen bases (ATP) Holds in its phosphate bonds Produce from