The Hopes of Immigrants Section 1 The Hopes of Immigrants In the mid-1800s, millions of Europeans come to the United States hoping to build a better life. NEXT

The Hopes of Immigrants 1 SECTION The Hopes of Immigrants Why People Migrated • Emigrants—people who leave a country • Immigrants—people who settle in a new country • Most immigrants make voyage to America in steerage • Steerage—cheapest deck on ship, cramped conditions, filthy • During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from Europe Chart Continued . . . NEXT

• People immigrate because of push-pull factors 1 SECTION Continued Why People Migrated • People immigrate because of push-pull factors • Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native lands • Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new place Continued . . . NEXT

• Push factors include: 1 SECTION Continued Why People Migrated • Push factors include: - agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off land - crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungry - Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of work - religious, political turmoil causes religious persecution • Pull factors include freedom, economic opportunity, abundant land NEXT

Scandinavians Seek Land 1 SECTION Scandinavians Seek Land • Cheap land lures thousands of Scandinavians to U.S. • Swedish government restricts emigration, later cancels restrictions • In U.S., Scandinavians settle in Midwest, become farmers NEXT

Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity 1 SECTION Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity • Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats Map • Also settle in Texas, found town of Fredericksburg • Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, carpenters in cities • Some German Jews work as traveling salespeople • Germans largest immigrant group of 1800s, influence U.S. culture NEXT

The Irish Flee Hunger 1 • Most Irish immigrants are Catholic SECTION The Irish Flee Hunger • Most Irish immigrants are Catholic • Immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty, British mistreatment • In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato crop • Causes famine—a severe food shortage, forces many to emigrate • In U.S., Irish become city-dwellers, few skills, take low-paying jobs Map • Compete with free blacks for backbreaking work that no one else wants NEXT

U.S. Cities Face Overcrowding 1 SECTION U.S. Cities Face Overcrowding • Immigrants, native-born Americans flock to cities • Rapid urban growth causes housing shortage • Many people live in cramped, filthy apartment buildings • Immigrant groups set up aid societies to help newcomers • Politicians set up organizations to help arrivals find housing, jobs NEXT

Some Americans Oppose Immigration 1 SECTION Some Americans Oppose Immigration • Some native-born Americans fear immigrants will not learn American ways • Others fear that immigrants will outnumber natives • As a result, immigrants face anger, prejudice • Prejudice—negative opinion not based on facts Continued . . . NEXT

• Nativists—native-born Americans who want to stop foreign influence 1 SECTION Continued Some Americans Oppose Immigration • Nativists—native-born Americans who want to stop foreign influence • Refuse to hire immigrants, vote for Catholics, immigrants running for office • Start political party, Know-Nothing Party, in 1850s • Want to ban Catholics, foreign-born from holding office • Want to cut immigration, have 21-year wait period for U.S. citizenship • Elects 6 governors, then party quickly dies out NEXT

American Literature and Art Section 2 American Literature and Art Inspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers and artists produce some of America’s greatest works. NEXT

American Literature and Art 2 SECTION American Literature and Art Writing About America • American writers are influenced by romanticism • Romanticism—inspiration from nature, stresses individual, feelings • American writers celebrate American wilderness • James Fenimore Cooper writes adventure novels set in the wilderness • Noah Webster publishes dictionary based on American-style English (1828) • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poetry celebrates the American past Depiction of Battle at Glenn’s Falls from The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper. Edition (1919) illustrated by N. C. Wyeth. NEXT

2 SECTION Creating American Art Valley of the Yosemite (1864), Albert Bierstadt. • American artists are influenced by romanticism • Hudson River school artists paint lush natural landscapes • Albert Bierstadt paints majestic landscapes of the American West • John James Audubon sketches American birds, animals • Enslaved African Americans make baskets, quilts, pottery • Enslaved African American David Drake signs the pottery he makes NEXT

Following One’s Conscience 2 SECTION Following One’s Conscience • Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination, nature • Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in Walden (1845) • Emerson, Thoreau believe in transcendentalism: - spiritual world more important than physical world - find truth through feeling, intuition Portrait of Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist and poet. Continued . . . NEXT

• Thoreau believes in following individual conscience 2 SECTION Continued Following One’s Conscience • Thoreau believes in following individual conscience • Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws • Uses non-violent protest—civil disobedience • Margaret Fuller argues for women’s rights in book, magazine NEXT

Exploring the Human Heart 2 SECTION Exploring the Human Heart • Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise common people • Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, death • Whitman, Dickinson shape modern poetry • Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror stories • Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter about love, guilt, revenge • Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick NEXT

Reforming American Society Section 3 Reforming American Society In the mid-1800s, several reform movements work to improve American education and society. NEXT

Reforming American Society A Spirit of Revival 3 SECTION Reforming American Society A Spirit of Revival • Second Great Awakening—renewal of religious faith, 1790s, early 1800s • Preachers speak at revivals—meetings to reawaken religious faith • Revivalist preachers claim that anyone can choose salvation • Claim sin is selfishness, religious faith leads people to help others • Such teachings awaken a spirit of reform Chart • Americans believe they can make things better NEXT

3 SECTION Temperance Societies • Temperance movement—campaign to stop alcohol consumption • Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s • Temperance workers hand out pamphlets, produce plays • Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to give up alcohol • Business owners support temperance, want sober workers • By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, most are repealed NEXT

Fighting for Workers’ Rights 3 SECTION Fighting for Workers’ Rights • Factory work is noisy, boring, unsafe • Women mill workers start labor union • Labor union—workers who ban together, get better working conditions • Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions (1836) • Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), jobs are scarce • Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals NEXT

3 SECTION Improving Education • Horace Mann heads first state board of education in the U.S. (1837) • A few Northern cities start public high schools • Churches, other groups start many colleges; women cannot attend most • Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the South • Few colleges accept African Americans NEXT

3 SECTION Caring for the Needy • Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill • Thomas H. Gallaudet starts first American school for the deaf (1817) • Samuel G. Howe starts Perkins School for the Blind (1830s) • Reformers improve prisons: - separate children from main jails - call for rehabilitation of adult prisoners Dorothea L. Dix, American philanthropist and reformer. Daguerreotype (about 1848–1849). NEXT

Spreading Ideas Through Print 3 SECTION Spreading Ideas Through Print • Cheaper newsprint, steam-driven press lowers price of newspapers • Average Americans can afford to buy “penny papers” • Contain serious news, gripping stories of fires and crimes • Hundreds of new magazines appear • Ladies’ Magazine advocates education for women Engraving from an American newspaper(1857) of a fire in Chicago. NEXT

Creating Ideal Communities 3 SECTION Creating Ideal Communities A group of Shakers. Engraving (1875). • Some people attempt to build an ideal society—utopia • New Harmony, Brook Farm are two famous utopias • Experience conflicts, financial difficulties last only a few years • Shakers set up a utopia, follow teachings of Ann Lee: - lead holy lives in communities - communities show God’s love - share, not fight • Depend on converts, adopting children to keep communities going NEXT

Abolition and Women’s Rights Section 4 Abolition and Women’s Rights The spread of democracy leads to calls for freedom for slaves and more rights for women. NEXT

Abolition and Women’s Rights Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery 4 SECTION Abolition and Women’s Rights Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery • Abolition—movement to end slavery, begins in the late 1700s • Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the South • Free African American David Walker urges slaves to revolt • William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist newspaper • Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against slavery • John Quincy Adams introduces anti-slavery amendment NEXT

Eyewitnesses to Slavery 4 SECTION Eyewitnesses to Slavery • Frederick Douglass speaks about his own experience of slavery • Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture tour, buys his freedom • Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, lives with Quakers who free her • Wins court battle to recover her son, speaks for abolition The Fugitive’s Song: songsheet cover depicting Frederick Douglass fleeing from slavery (1845). Composer, Jesse Hutchinson, Jr. NEXT

The Underground Railroad 4 SECTION The Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad—aboveground escape routes from South to North • Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, trains • Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box, shipped North • Runaways usually travel by night, hide by day in places called stations Runaways traveling north on the Underground Railroad to escape slavery. Illustration (about 1931). NEXT

4 SECTION Harriet Tubman • People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductors • Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor • Escapes slavery (1849), makes 19 journeys to free enslaved persons • Enemies offer reward for her capture, is never caught NEXT

Women Reformers Face Barriers 4 SECTION Women Reformers Face Barriers • Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend anti-slavery convention • Are not allowed to speak in public because they are women • William Lloyd Garrison supports women’s right to speak • In 1800s, woman have few legal, political rights • Stanton, Mott decide to demand equality for women Elizabeth Stanton, Carrie Catt, and Lucretia Mott commemorated on U.S. postage stamp (1948). NEXT

The Seneca Falls Convention 4 SECTION The Seneca Falls Convention • Stanton, Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848) • Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men, women are equal • Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the right to vote • Women’s rights movement is ridiculed NEXT

Continued Calls for Women’s Rights 4 SECTION Continued Calls for Women’s Rights • Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rights • Scientist Maria Mitchell starts, Association for the Advancement of Women • Becomes first woman elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences • Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a national organization • Supports laws that give married women rights to own property, earn wages • By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property, wage rights NEXT