The Ancient Texans Chapter 3 Section 1 Native Texans The Ancient Texans Chapter 3 Section 1

The First Texans Arrive Stories told since the beginning of time (mainly about the crops) Migrated about 35,000 years ago Crossed Bering Strait between Siberia and Alaska Hunters followed the herds Humans first reached Texas about 10,000 years ago

Why did these people migrate so far? They probably had little to eat in cold regions, and following the animals meant they always had food.

Artifacts are Historical Clues Archaeologist – scientists who study evidence of past human activity Artifact – man-made objects (tools, artwork) and human/animal bones Midland Minnie (see handout)

How are rock paintings and modern photographs similar? Both show the kind of things believe are important enough to record.

Early People Hunt for Food Arrived early Stone Age (10,000 years ago) Hunted large animals (mammoths, mastodon, and giant bison) Disadvantages – smaller and slower Advantages – atlatl, flint-tipped spears and darts, and “surround” strategy Archaic Age (8,000 years ago) Climate warmer, large animals disappear New tools – axes, picks, drills, choppers, scrapers, mortars Gathering food – berries, nuts, and roots

Why was it important for people to stay in groups? They could hunt more successfully, especially large game such as mastodons.

Hunters Become Farmers 100 A.D. – begin growing food in Mexico Peanuts, corn, tomatoes, various beans, pumpkins, squash, and cotton Changed way of life More dependable source of food Increase population Led to more complex societies with craft workers, warriors, farmers, politicians, and religious leaders

What was the effect of settling in one place and growing crops? A more reliable source of food and a more complex society

Different Cultures Emerge Culture – all the ways groups of people express and conduct themselves Language, customs, clothing, shelter, ways of working and playing, beliefs 4 distinct cultures Southeastern Gulf Pueblo Plains

How did cultures differ, and why? They probably ate different foods and had different clothing and shelter to adapt to various living conditions.

Southeastern and Gulf Cultures Chapter 3 - Section 2 Native Texans Southeastern and Gulf Cultures Chapter 3 - Section 2

Early People Lived in small groups Shared responsibility for decision making Believed in spirits Rain, fire, change of seasons, existence of streams and rivers Some peaceful – some warlike Some lived in communities – Some nomadic

How did Native Americans differ from one another? They had different languages; some were peaceful, and other were warriors; some lived in communities, and others moved around

Southeastern Farmers and Gatherers Caddos, Karankawas, Coahuiltecans Some farmed, built permanent housing Others nomadic fishing the coastal waters for food Many joined Caddos and became farmers

They learned from the ideas and experiences of each group Why did Native Americans groups change when new groups joined them? (Cultural diffusion) They learned from the ideas and experiences of each group

The Caddos More than 24 groups in TX (mainly in East TX) All part of a confederacy Each tribe had own government with 2 leaders War and peace Religious matters Men cleared fields; women planted/tended crops Squash, beans, pumpkins, melons, corn, plums Excellent fishermen – trotline Lived in domed shaped permanent housing 1520-1690 – numbers went from 200,000 to 12,000 due to European diseases Supported the French 1859 – Sent to reservations in Oklahoma The Caddos

Why did the Caddo population drop so drastically? They warred with each other and with Europeans, who brought new, deadly diseases.

The Coahuiltecans Nomadic in South Texas Plains Hunted javelina, deer, and bison with bows/arrows Gathered cacti, mesquite, agaves (ground into flour) Sometimes ate lizards/worms Equal status in tribe & shared the food/water Women – camp; Men – hunted Shaman – took care of sick; led religious ceremonies, made medicine Tribe disappeared from TX by 1846 – diseases; killed in battle; moved to Mexico

Why did the Coahuiltecans not practice agriculture? How did the Native Americans such as the Coahuiltecans spend most of their time? Searching for food Why did the Coahuiltecans not practice agriculture? It was too hot and dry in the brushy land of the South Texas Plain for crops to grow.

The Karankawas Lived along Gulf Coast between Galveston and Corpus Christi Nomadic Canoes most treasured possession Used alligator and shark oil to fend off mosquitoes Cannibalistic All worked together to make necessary tools 1850s – most were killed or moved to reservations

Why did the movement of settlers into the area result in fighting? The settlers wanted to settle in lands where the Karankawas gathered food. This meant that the Karankawa food supply would be reduced.

Other Southeastern Cultures New technology – guns and horses Many moving to escape warring tribes or easier living area Several tribes began trading with Spanish, French, and other Native American tribes

The Wichitas Rolling Plains to Post Oak Belt along Red River Villages resembled Caddos Traded with French & fought with Spanish Forced to trade with Spanish or die fighting Women shared leadership and work with men Forced to move to reservations in Oklahoma

In what way did the Wichitas have an equal society? Women could be leaders, and they shared work with men.

More Native Americans Groups Arrive Atakapans – between Galveston and Sabine River Cherokees – East Texas Alabama/Coushattas – near Trinity River along Lake Livingston (present-day reservation)

Pueblo and Plains Culture Chapter 3 Section 3 Native Texans Pueblo and Plains Culture Chapter 3 Section 3

The Jumanos and the Tiguas Hunted and traded bison and deer Middleman between Caddo and Pueblo tribes Excellent arrow makers Distinctive face tattoos; men cut hair short except for one long lock Most were farmers Corn, squash, beans Lived in adobe typed houses Disappeared Tigua Moved to Ysleta (El Paso) in 1680 Descendants live there today Recognized by Texas in 1967 Originally – matrilineal Fiesta de San Antonio – June 13th

How did Jumanos function to bring new ideas and materials to other Native American peoples? Many of them were traders who brought pigments, turquoise, bows and arrows, and other agricultural products to North American peoples.

The Plains Cultures Horses reintroduced by Spanish (1500 A.D.) Nomadic – outstanding hunters and fighters Hunted Buffalo/Bison Destruction of the buffalo by the white man led to the end of Plains people’s way of life

How were horses useful to Native Americans of the plains? Horses helped hunters kill buffalo and other game more easily, and they provided an advantage in war.

The Tonkawas Arrived in Texas around 1600s Lived in Edwards Plateau (near present-day Austin) Depended on buffalo for food and shelter Resented by Comanches and Apaches Forced to hunt deer, rabbits, turtles, snakes Lost many people due to constant conflict with other Indians and European settlers

The Apaches Migrated from Canada along Rocky Mts. 1700 – independent groups Mescaleros – lived in mts. Between N.M. and Tx; farmers; peaceful Lipans – lived in Hill Country; fought Comanches and Spanish; left and joined Mescalero Most Apaches live on reservations in N.M.

The Comanches Lived on prairies, plateaus, and plains of western Texas Comancheria – territory covering Mex, Tex, Kan, Okla, Col, and N.M. Divided into groups with each group having its own leaders of older men Life centered on hunting and war Fought fiercely to keep Comancheria – often fought to take enemies horses Destruction of the buffalo and loss of horses forced Comanches to reservations in Oklahoma

The Kiowas Shared Plains with Comanches (allies) Nomadic – whole camps moved in 30 min. Treasures Tepees – provided shelter Horse – provided freedom of movement and speed for hunting Buffalo – provided everything for survival Painted important events on buffalo hides

How did Kiowas keep their traditions alive? They told stories of their travels, painted on buffalo hides, performed seasonal ceremonies, and held festivals.

Males pierced lips/ears Gulf Coast Lean-to Alligator, fish, deer Canoes Long Bows Males pierced lips/ears Tall, Cannibals Central Texas Tepees Buffalo, turtle, deer, rabbit Bows Arrows Belief in descending from wolves Great Plains Tepees Buffalo Lances, Bows, Arrows, Horses Feared by all tribes West Tx Panhandle Tepees Pueblos Buffalo Farmers Horses, Bows, Arrows Famous leader Geronimo Panhandle Horses, Bows, Arrows Tepees Buffalo Allies with Comanches

Sabine River East Texas Huts Wigwams Fish, deer Farming Trotline Spear Confederations Mouth of Sabine River Huts Wickiups Farming Fish Spear Canoe Short, Tattoed bodies West Texas Pueblos Small Animals Farming Farming Equipment Middleman Trade w/ others Rolling Plains Red River Tepees, Huts Buffalo Axes, Hatchets, Bows, Arrows Raccoon-eyed tattoos South Texas Wickiups Deer, snakes, lizards, plants Bows, Arrows, Farmers Not a culture or a tribe