1. Native Texans
The Ancient Texans p

2. The First Texans Arrive
Before paper, people passed history down by telling stories.
People migrated to the Western Hemisphere as early as 35,000 years ago.
They migrated from Asia over a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska.
Today Siberia and Alaska are separated by a narrow body of water, the Bering Strait.
Water did not always cover this area and people simply walked across the land.
These early people were hunters and followed herds of animals to modern-day Alaska.

3. First Texans Arrive 1. How was history passed down before writing?
2. How long ago did people first arrive in North America?
3. How did they cross over to North America?
4. Why did people cross over to North America?
5. What is the strip of water between Russia and Alaska called?

5. Artifacts are Historical Clues
Much of what is known about ancient people comes from studies by archeologists – scientists who study evidence of past human activity.
They search for artifacts such as tools, artwork, bones, and pottery.
Changes in pottery or tools may be evidence of people moving into an area.
Human bones provide information about how ancient people looked and what diseases they endured.

6. Articles and Historical Clues
1. What do Archeologists study?
2. List some Artifacts they might look for.
3. Are artifacts Primary or Secondary sources?
4. What can bones tell an Archeologist about an ancient people?
5. Are bones Primary or Secondary Sources?
6. What could bones of modern day people tell scientists in the future?

7. Early People Hunt for Food
The first inhabitants of Texas are believed to have arrived over 10,000 years ago.
They obtained their food by hunting large animals.
The people lived in small groups and stayed in one place only temporarily (nomads). They often followed the herds of animals.
To help them find and prepare food, they developed a variety of tools made of stone or bone.
They did not depend on meat alone, but gathered berries, nuts, and roots.

8. Early People Hunt For Food
1. When did the first Texans arrive?
2. What did they hunt?
3. What does “nomad” mean?
4. What did they make tools from?
5. What did they eat?

9. Hunters Become Farmers
Sometime around 100A.D. several groups of people in Texas began to adopt a settled way of life and began to grow their own food.
Farming meant a more dependable source of food.
More available food meant an increase in population.
People no longer roamed in search of food and formed villages.
Living in one place meant there was more work to do- resulting in a more complex society.

10. Hunters Become Farmers
1. Copy the underlined sentence.
2. What was the result of a more dependable food supply?
3. What formed after the food supply increased?
4. What is a result of living in one place?

11. Different Cultures Emerge
The early people of Texas developed into distinct cultures – all the ways groups of people express and conduct themselves. (language, clothing, beliefs, etc…)
Anthropologists have named the four culture groups:
Southeastern Cultures
Gulf Cultures
Pueblo Cultures
Plains Cultures
Each of these cultures developed differently as they adapted to the physical surroundings.

12. Different Cultures Emerge
1. What is the definition of Culture?
2. What are the four Culture groups named by Anthropologists?
3. Why do cultures develop differently?

14. 1. Name a tribe in the Coastal Plains.
2. What region of Texas did the Jumano and Eastern Pueblo live?
3. What tribe was mainly in the North Central Plains?
4. What Tribe was mainly in the Great Plains?

16. Which group of Indians were wealthy farmers due to their location in Texas?
A. Comanches
B. Karankawas
C. Apaches
D. Caddoes

18. Primary and Secondary Sources
1.List two primary sources about Native Texans.
2. List two secondary sources about Native Texans.

19. A. Alabama Coushattas B. Comanches C. Caddoes D. Karankawas
These Native Americans lived on the Plains, were fierce warriors and good traders. They came to Texas around the same time as the Spanish.
A. Alabama Coushattas
B. Comanches
C. Caddoes
D. Karankawas

20. Mountains and Basins versus Coastal Plains
1. Tell three ways that life would be different for Native Texans living in the Mountains and Basins region and the Coastal Plains region.