French Revolution Part Deux And trois

French Revolution of 1830 Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne (Younger brother of Louis XVI)

Louis XVIII Issued a constitution – Charter of French Liberties Two house legislature Limited freedom of the press King retained much power

Louis XVIII Conflict with ultraroyalists (far right conservatives) Despised constitution Wanted to restore old regime Conflict with liberals Extend suffrage Win a share of power for middle class Radicals Wanted a republic like that of the FR Workers wanted a decent days wage and bread

Charles X When Louis XVIII dies in 1824 he’s succeeded by his younger brother Charles X

Charles X An absolute monarch Ignored and rejected constitution July 1830, he suspends the legislature, limits the right to vote, and restricts the press

Charles X Radicals and liberals barricade the streets of Paris A frightened Charles X abdicates and flees to England. Radicals want a republic, liberals want a constitutional monarchy

Liberty Leading the People 1830

Louis Philippe the “citizen king” French legislature chooses Louis Philippe the “citizen king” as king. Cousin of Charles X. Louis got along well with the bourgeoisie Policies favored middle class at expense of the workers.

Louis Philippe The “citizen king”

French Revolution of 1848 Discontent with social conditions. Utopian socialists call for end of private ownership. Liberals denounce Louis Philippe for government corruption and call for expanded suffrage. Recession and poor harvests increase bread prices

“February Days” February 1848 – “February Days” Government took steps to silence its critics and prevent public meetings. Angry crowds seize Paris by blockading streets with overturned cars and iron rails and fight with troops.

“February Days” Louis Abdicates and the liberals claim the Second Republic Deep differences between what middle class liberals and socialists want. Owners v. Workers

“June Days” By June, Middle class wins control of government. Shut down national workshops. Workers revolt but are violently crushed by bourgeoisie controlled government troops.

“June Days” 1500 killed in “June Days” Middle class fears and distrusts the left (socialists) and working class develops a deep hatred for the bourgeoisie.

The Second Republic 1848 – General Assembly issues a constitution for the Second Republic. Creates a strong President and a one- house legislature. Gives vote to ALL adult men. Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) wins presidential election.

Louis Napoleon

Appeared to care about workers and social issues. Uses presidency as stepping stone to more power.

Napoleon III By 1852, he declares himself Napoleon III, Emperor of France, ends Second Republic. Even uses a plebiscite to win approval for his seizure of power. 90% approval for Second Empire.

Napoleon III

Revolutions Spread Revolutions in France inspire revolutions in other parts of Europe.

Belgium 1830 Congress of Vienna merges Austrian Netherlands with Kingdom of Holland under the Dutch King. Belgians resent arrangement – different language, religions, and economic interests.

Belgium 1830 Belgian students and workers barricade Brussels. Dutch king requests help from France and Britain but they support Belgian independence. The conservative powers (Austria, Russia, and Prussia are too busy with their own internal rebellions to help – Belgium becomes independent with a liberal constitution.

The Belgian Revolution 1830

Poland 1830 Congress of Vienna gives most of Poland to Russia Nationalists in Warsaw stage an uprising but fail to gain widespread support and are brutally crushed by Russian forces.

Artur Grottger, "The Insurgent's Farewell"

1848 Conflict between: Middle class liberals who want more power for themselves and basic rights for all Workers want relief from miseries of industrial life Nationalists want to throw off foreign rule.

Austria 1848 Revolt in Vienna by students, supported by workers force Metternich (controlled Austrian politics) to flee. Emperor promises reforms.

Hungary 1848 Louis Kossuth leads Hungarian nationalists in a demand for an independent government – constitution, and protection of basic rights.

Hungary 1848 Similar demands are made in Prague. While the emperor promised reforms, both movements were soon crushed by Austrian troops.

Italy 1848 Italian nationalists rise for independence from Austrian Hapsburgs. They make some gains but are eventually ousted.

German States 1848 Students want liberal reforms and are joined by workers and peasants motivated by famine and economic hard times. German princes are forced to agree to reforms but recant and strengthen their own positions.

Emigration to America Many liberals, workers, and peasants who survive these unsuccessful revolts flee their homelands Many escape to America.