1. Section I: New Ideas, New Directions (Pages 460-467) This section is about: This section is about: The rise of nationalism and liberalism in Europe and the conservatives struggle to prevent that change. The rise of nationalism and liberalism in Europe and the conservatives struggle to prevent that change. The changes in governments in France after Napoleon. The changes in governments in France after Napoleon. How the French secured political rights as the nineteenth century progressed. How the French secured political rights as the nineteenth century progressed.

2. Start by reading the introduction on page 460. Start by reading the introduction on page 460. In our last sections, there was an Enlightenment, an Age of Reason, American and French Revolutions…… In our last sections, there was an Enlightenment, an Age of Reason, American and French Revolutions…… These ideas are going to start spreading to other places – those are shown on the map on page 461. These ideas are going to start spreading to other places – those are shown on the map on page 461. Also, look at the picture – and the question at the end of the caption. Also, look at the picture – and the question at the end of the caption.

3. New Ideas, New Directions Look at the Main Ideas on page 462. Look at the Main Ideas on page 462. Our last time period (The French Revolution and Napoleon) was from 1789- 1815. Our last time period (The French Revolution and Napoleon) was from 1789- 1815. This time period “ tore Europe apart. ” This time period “ tore Europe apart. ” The Revolution and Napoleon ’ s wars brought a lot of new ideologies – beliefs and plans for social and political changes. The Revolution and Napoleon ’ s wars brought a lot of new ideologies – beliefs and plans for social and political changes. Europe was going to keep on changing. Europe was going to keep on changing. (Ideas and things people believe in)

4. The Rise of Nationalism In Europe, people liked the idea of a nation-state. In Europe, people liked the idea of a nation-state. This is a self-governing land where people have the same cultural background, language, and history. This is a self-governing land where people have the same cultural background, language, and history. Remember some of the definitions of nationalism? They apply to this. Remember some of the definitions of nationalism? They apply to this.

5. The Congress of Vienna In 1814, there was a meeting of European leaders – in _______. In 1814, there was a meeting of European leaders – in _______. They needed to figure out what to do about Napoleon ’ s changes. They needed to figure out what to do about Napoleon ’ s changes. Many of the leaders at TCOV believed in conservatism. Many of the leaders at TCOV believed in conservatism. ……………….. ……………….. Austria: Prince Klemens von Metternich. Austria: Prince Klemens von Metternich. France: Charles Talleyrand (for Louis XVIII). France: Charles Talleyrand (for Louis XVIII). Britain: The Duke of Wellington Britain: The Duke of Wellington Prussia: Prince Karl August von Hardenberg. Prussia: Prince Karl August von Hardenberg. Russia: Alexander I Russia: Alexander I (that things should return to the ways of the past)

6. Many of the choices of the meeting were “ conservative. ” Many of the choices of the meeting were “ conservative. ” Austria believed Europe should be returned to the way it was before the French Revolution and had 3 main ideas: Austria believed Europe should be returned to the way it was before the French Revolution and had 3 main ideas: 1. Countries which suffered the most had to be paid back for what they had lost. 2. The balance of power had to be restored – where no nation was too powerful. 3. All royal families in power before Napoleon should return to power.

7. Ensuring Peace in Europe TCOV worked out a plan – they “ re- drew ” the map of Europe. TCOV worked out a plan – they “ re- drew ” the map of Europe. Belgium and Luxembourg were added to Holland (and called the Netherlands). Belgium and Luxembourg were added to Holland (and called the Netherlands). Prussia got land along the Rhine River (so France didn ’ t get too much). Prussia got land along the Rhine River (so France didn ’ t get too much). Austria got part of northern Italy. Austria got part of northern Italy. France would now be surrounded by strong countries and wouldn ’ t get out of control again. France would now be surrounded by strong countries and wouldn ’ t get out of control again. The many German states were formed into “ The German Confederation. ” The many German states were formed into “ The German Confederation. ” To protect the plan: “ the Concert of Europe ” was formed to keep everything in order. To protect the plan: “ the Concert of Europe ” was formed to keep everything in order.

9. Nationalism and Liberalism in Europe TCOV felt liberalism was a dangerous force. TCOV felt liberalism was a dangerous force. This made people want independence and self- government. This made people want independence and self- government. 1830 ’ s and 1840 ’ s: several uprisings in Europe: 1830 ’ s and 1840 ’ s: several uprisings in Europe: TCOV kept re-drawing boundaries to try and keep people happy – but they kept looking at political divisions and should have looked at cultural. TCOV kept re-drawing boundaries to try and keep people happy – but they kept looking at political divisions and should have looked at cultural. Promotes social change and individual freedoms including ideas of freedom of speech, the press, religion, etc… Promotes social change and individual freedoms including ideas of freedom of speech, the press, religion, etc…Worked Didn ’ t work Belgium: independence from Netherlands. France: overthrew king – established a republic Poland/Italy: troops stopped. Czechs, Hungarians, and Germans: all stopped

10. France After Napoleon From Charles X to Citizen King There was a group of French (aristocrats – royalists) who wanted to return to the France of old. There was a group of French (aristocrats – royalists) who wanted to return to the France of old. When Louis XVIII died, he was replaced by his brother (Charles X). When Louis XVIII died, he was replaced by his brother (Charles X). He believed the king should have all the government power. He believed the king should have all the government power. He did away with the constitution. He did away with the constitution. He increased the power of the Roman Catholic Church. He increased the power of the Roman Catholic Church. He dissolved the legislature. He dissolved the legislature. He limited the right to vote. He limited the right to vote. There was a revolt, 2000 people died in 3 days, Charles X gave up the throne and fled to Britain. There was a revolt, 2000 people died in 3 days, Charles X gave up the throne and fled to Britain. …………….. ……………..

11. Liberty Leading the People By: Delacroix

12. Should France be a monarchy or a republic? Should France be a monarchy or a republic? A new king was chosen (Charles X brother, Louis Philippe). A new king was chosen (Charles X brother, Louis Philippe). He called himself the “ Citizen King. ” He called himself the “ Citizen King. ” He was very liberal, and agreed to accept the 1814 constitution of France. He was very liberal, and agreed to accept the 1814 constitution of France. This recognized the right of the people to elect a law making body, and included a bill of rights to protect regular citizens. This recognized the right of the people to elect a law making body, and included a bill of rights to protect regular citizens.

13. Trouble at Home The upper and middle classes liked Louis Philippe, but the working class didn ’ t. The upper and middle classes liked Louis Philippe, but the working class didn ’ t. Many people were still not allowed to vote, had low wages, had to pay high prices for essentials, had food shortages, and rising unemployment. Many people were still not allowed to vote, had low wages, had to pay high prices for essentials, had food shortages, and rising unemployment. The people began having “ banquets ” to organize. The people began having “ banquets ” to organize. Louis Philippe heard of one, and sent in troops. Louis Philippe heard of one, and sent in troops. The people got upset, had more riots, and Louis Philippe was also forced to flee to Britain. The people got upset, had more riots, and Louis Philippe was also forced to flee to Britain. ………………….. …………………..

14. A new government was set up in Paris – called “ The Second Republic. ” A new government was set up in Paris – called “ The Second Republic. ” They called for an election where all Frenchmen could vote – a first for Europe. They called for an election where all Frenchmen could vote – a first for Europe. Most of those elected were moderates and conservatives. Most of those elected were moderates and conservatives. More revolts and riots and more leaders jailed, exiled, or executed. More revolts and riots and more leaders jailed, exiled, or executed. That fall, Louis Napoleon was elected president. That fall, Louis Napoleon was elected president. The people liked him and by 1852 he became Emperor Napoleon III. The people liked him and by 1852 he became Emperor Napoleon III. The people had some rights, but Napoleon III controlled and crushed all who were against him – people, the legislature, and the press. The people had some rights, but Napoleon III controlled and crushed all who were against him – people, the legislature, and the press. (Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew)

15. Trouble Abroad Trouble Abroad If people were unhappy at home, Napoleon III was going to get glory for France in other ways. If people were unhappy at home, Napoleon III was going to get glory for France in other ways. He went to war with Russia (1854 – The Crimean War), but more about that later. He went to war with Russia (1854 – The Crimean War), but more about that later. He went to northern Africa – and supported the construction of the Suez Canal. He went to northern Africa – and supported the construction of the Suez Canal. He got some control in Cambodia. He got some control in Cambodia. He tried to establish some control in Mexico (denied there). He tried to establish some control in Mexico (denied there). He went to war with Prussia (who was trying to unify Germany – which would be a threat to France) – that was a big mistake and was forced to sign a poor peace treaty. He went to war with Prussia (who was trying to unify Germany – which would be a threat to France) – that was a big mistake and was forced to sign a poor peace treaty. Napoleon III was captured, exiled, and died. Napoleon III was captured, exiled, and died.

16. The Third Republic 1871 – France becomes a republic again (The Third Republic). 1871 – France becomes a republic again (The Third Republic). Their constitution even stated they were going to be a republic. Their constitution even stated they were going to be a republic. France would never have a king again – or would they? France would never have a king again – or would they?