Chapter 2: Alkanes.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2: Alkanes

Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen Alkanes are carbon compounds that contain only single bonds. The simplest alkanes are hydrocarbons – compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are used mainly as fuels, solvents and lubricants:

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

IUPAC System of Naming Organic Compounds

IUPAC System of Naming Organic Compounds

Naming Branches as “Groups”

Naming Branches as “Groups”

Structural Isomers How many structural isomers – compounds with the same chemical formula but different connectivity – are there with the formula C7H16?

Structural Isomers How many structural isomers – compounds with the same chemical formula but different connectivity – are there with the formula C7H16?

Methyl and Ethyl Compounds

Methyl and Ethyl Compounds

Propyl Compounds

Structural Isomers of C7H16 Cycloheptane contains two fewer hydrogens than heptane. They are not structural isomers.

Cycloalkanes

Naming Cycloalkanes Unlike "floppy" chains, rings have an additional consideration for multiple substitutions: The above compounds are not structural isomers. Their connectivity is identical. They are stereoisomers – compounds that differ in how substituents are arranged in space

Naming Cycloalkanes

Naming Cycloalkanes

3-Dimensional Structure/VSEPR Theory

3-Dimensional Structure

3-Dimensional Structure

3-Dimensional Structure Molecules that differ by only rotations around single bonds are conformational Isomers.

3-Dimensional Structure How can these molecular shapes arise from bonding between the available orbitals?

Hybridization

Hybridization

Hybridization