1. Intro to Organic Chemistry

2. Organic Chemistry - Introduction
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
Animals, plants, and other forms of life consist of organic compounds.
Nucleic acids, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, vitamins, and hormones are all organic compounds.
Biochemistry was developed later as the study of the chemical compounds and reactions in living cells.
Intro

3. Hydrocarbons Simplest organic compound
Contain only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbons can be divided into aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

4. Classification of Hydrocarbons
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Section 14.2

5. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Contain one or more benzene (C6H6) rings
Benzene is a widely used colorless liquid with a distinct odor, and is a carcinogen
Section 14.2

6. Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Toluene is used in modeling glue. Naphthalene is use in mothballs, and Phenanthrene are used in the synthesis of dyes, explosives, and drugs.
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Section 14.2

7. When Other Atoms are Substituted for the H’s in the Benzene Ring A vast array of other compounds can be produced
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Section 14.2

8. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons have no benzene rings.
Divided into four major divisions:
Alkanes
Cycloalkanes – ring shaped
Alkenes – contain at least one double bond between carbons
Alkynes – contain at least one tripple bond between carbons
Section 14.3

9. Alkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds.
Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons
Because their hydrogen content is at a maximum.
Alkane general formula  CnH2n + 2
The names of alkanes all end in “-ane.”
Methane – CH4
Ethane – C2H6
Propane – C3H8
Butane – C4H10
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Section 14.3

10. The First Eight Members of the Alkane Series All satisfy the general formula CnH2n + 2
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Section 14.3

11. Visualization of an Alkane’s Structure
Structural formula – a graphical representation of the way atoms are connected
Condensed structural formula – save time/space and are convenient
Ball-and-Stick models – 3D models that can be built by students
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Section 14.3

12. Alkyl Group
Alkyl group contains one less hydrogen than the corresponding alkane.
In naming this group the “-ane” is dropped and “-yl” is added.
Methyl-
Ethyl-
Propyl-
Butyl-
Used as prefixes when naming structures

13. Alkyl Group This group does not exist independently but occurs bonded to another atom or molecule.
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Section 14.3

14. Constitutional Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
In the case of many alkanes there is more than one way to arrange the atoms
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Section 14.3

15. Number of Possible Isomers of Alkanes
Carbon Atoms can bond in many different ways

16. Butane Continuous-Chain or Straight-Chain Structure
Structural Formula
Ball-and-Stick Model
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Section 14.3

17. Isobutane (2-methylpropane) Branched-chain Structure
Structural Formula
Ball-and-Stick Model
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Section 14.3

18. IUPAC System of Nomenclature For Alkanes
Compound is named as a derivative of the longest continuous chain of C atoms.
The C atoms on the main chain are numbered by counting from the end of the chain nearest the substituents.
Each substituent must have a number.
Positions & names of the substituents added
If necessary, substituents named alphabetically
More than one of same type substituent – di, tri, tetra
Section 14.3

19. Naming Structures Identify and name the longest continuous chain of C.
pentane
Start numbering carbons from the end closest to the substituent
Identify all substituents and their position
The methyl group is in the #2 position
The compound’s name is 2-methylpentane.
Section 14.3

20. Substituents in Organic Compounds

21. Identify and name the longest chain Number carbons
Propane
Number carbons
Identify substituents and position
2-bromo
2-methyl
Arrange substituents alphabetically in front of parent name
2-bromo-2-methylpropane

22. Drawing Structures from Names An Example
2,3-dimethylhexane.
Identify and draw the parent chain
Add bonds to each carbon so that each has four bonds.
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Section 14.3

23. Drawing a Structure from a Name 2,3-dimethylhexane
3. Number the C atoms (frequently, chemists number from right to left???)
4. Attach any substituents to the appropriate carbon
Methyl group (CH3-) to carbon number 2 and number 3.
5. Add necessary H atoms.
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Section 14.3

24. Drawing a Structure from a Name 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
Identify and draw the parent chain
Add bonds to each carbon so that each has four bonds.
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Section 14.3

25. Drawing a Structure from a Name 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
3. Number the C atoms
4. Attach any substituents to the appropriate carbon
Methyl group (CH3-) to carbon number 2, 2 and number 4.
5. Add necessary H atoms.

26. Drawing a Structure from a Name 4-chloro-2,6-dimethylheptane
Identify and draw the parent chain
Add bonds to each carbon so that each has four bonds.
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Section 14.3

27. Drawing a Structure from a Name 4-chloro-2,6-dimethylheptane
3. Number the C atoms
4. Attach any substituents to the appropriate carbon
Methyl group (CH3-) to carbon number 2 and 6
Cl- to carbon number 4
5. Add necessary H atoms.
CH3 Cl
CH3