Modul 12 Australian Multiculturalism

I.  Six Key Factors in the Emergencies of Multiculturalism in Australia 1 Undeniable reality Australia = multicultural society 1   The Xenophobia was waning 1   The immigrant communities were becoming confident and articulate

1. Expansion of migrants and ethnic. community groups cultural  1 Expansion of migrants and ethnic community groups cultural  political issues 1 Labor Party Immigration Policy in 1972 to 1975 (Minister AI Grassby) 1 Social reform

II. Immigration Policy : A Historical. Perspective. Before 1901. 1 II. Immigration Policy : A Historical Perspective Before 1901 1 Racial exclusion 1  Predominantly British 1 1850’s : gold rush, non - British migrants increasing (China, German, Poland, America, Scandinavia, Hungarian)

White Australia Policy (1901). 1. Before World - War II. Ä White Australia Policy (1901) 1 Before World - War II Ä  Racial exclusion (official) Ä  1901 – 1940 : predominantly assisted British migrants and Southern Europeans (Italian and Greek) Ä 1945 : ALP / Arthur Callwell as first immigration minister, planned immigration

1. Post – World - War II. Ä. Populate or Perish. Ä 1 Post – World - War II Ä Populate or Perish Ä    Non - British :10 British Ä    Two – year – indenture labor, unskilled labor (non - British), assisted (British) Ä    Displaced - persons (Baltic) Ä  Heterogeneity, not homogeneity Ä    Diversity by default, not by design

III. Multiculturalism and Multicultural. Policy III. Multiculturalism and Multicultural Policy   Multicultural policy : public / government policy Multiculturalism : (everyday) multicultural policy

The question :. 1. Which countries implement this. 1 The question : 1 Which countries implement this ? 1  When adopted by Australia ? 1  For whom ? 1 By whom ? 1  Why ?

IV. Multiculturalism as Theory and. Practice. 1 IV.  Multiculturalism as Theory and Practice   1   Al Grassby (1973) : ‘A multicultural society for the future family of the nation’ : contribution of migrants   1   Zubrzycki (1977) : cultural pluralism 1   Jean Martin : structural pluralism (emphasis on access to economic and political structures)

1. Galbally (1977) : multiculturalism. as practice. 1 1 Galbally (1977) : multiculturalism as practice 1 Blainey (1984) : multiculturalism as divisive 1 Jupp (1986) : reaffirm multiculturalism as public policy, proposed for structural pluralism

V. Multiculturalism : Pros and Cons. 1 Pros. Ä. Capitalists. Ä V.  Multiculturalism : Pros and Cons 1   Pros Ä Capitalists Ä  Major political parties Ä  Labor shortages Ä  Defense / securities Ä Growing market Ä   Capital Ä    Benefits, etc

1. Cons, right – wing : Blainey (1984),. Knopflemacher. Ä 1 Cons, right – wing : Blainey (1984), Knopflemacher Ä Costly and divisive (publicly - funded, minorities interests, disanglified)   1   Cons, left - wing : Jakubowicz, Lepervanche Ä  Multiculturalism as strategy for containment Ä   Effective means for social – control - initiated by the state

VI. Multicultural Policy and Immigration. Policy. 1 VI.   Multicultural Policy and Immigration Policy 1 Multicultural policy Introduced in 1973 after the failure of Ä Assimilation and integration Ä  Assimilation Ä  Integration

1. Assimilation (postwar - mid 60s). Ä. Non - policy, mono - 1 Assimilation (postwar - mid 60s) Ä  Non - policy, mono - culturalism, Anglo-conformity Ä    Migrants discard cultural baggage, assimilate Ä    Treating migrants as other Australians

Ä. ‘New Australians’. Ä. Gap between rhetoric and. reality. Ä Ä ‘New Australians’ Ä  Gap between rhetoric and reality Ä   Problems of settlement  NESB Ä  Mid 60s  special assistance for migrants

1. Integration (mid 60s - early 70s). Ä. Transitional. Ä 1 Integration (mid 60s - early 70s) Ä  Transitional Ä   Assimilation section  integration section (1964) Ä    Ad hoc response, not systematic policy to migrant - communities demand

1. Multicultural Policy (1972 –. present). Ä 1 Multicultural Policy (1972 – present) Ä   Guiding principle for migrant settlement Ä Celebration of migrant cultural ‘trappings’ Ä  Diversity not homogeneity Ä   Cultural pluralism not monoculturalism Ä  Salad bowl, not melting - pot

VII. Three Dimensions for. Multiculturalism in Australia. 1 VII. Three Dimensions for Multiculturalism in Australia   1 Cultural identity The right of all Australian within carefully defined limits, to express and share their individual cultural heritage, including language and religion

1. Social justice. The right of all Australian to 1 Social justice The right of all Australian to equality of treatment and opportunity and the removal of barrier of race, ethnicity culture, religion, language, gender and place of birth 1  Economic efficiency The need to maintain, develop and utilize effectively the skills and talents of all Australian

VIII. Multicultural Institutions. 1. AIMA (Australian Institute of VIII. Multicultural Institutions 1 AIMA (Australian Institute of Multicultural Affairs), 1979 1   OMA (Office of Multicultural Affairs), 1987 1   ACMA (Advisory Council for Multicultural Affairs), 1989

1. NMAC (National Multicultural. Advisory Council), 1994. 1 1   NMAC (National Multicultural Advisory Council), 1994 1 DIMA (Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs), 1996 1 NMAC (new) (National Multicultural Advisory Council), 1997