Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 9 Consciousness

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Consciousness 1.Consciousness as a Language- Dependent Phenomenon 2.Selective Attention 3.Consciousness and the Brain 4.Hypnosis 5.Sleep

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Consciousness as a Language- Dependent Phenomenon F 9.1  The Adaptive Significance of Consciousness  Consciousness and the Ability to Communicate  Does Conscious Thought Control Behavior?

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Adaptive Significance of Consciousness  Consciousness is the awareness of mental processes such as perception, thinking, and remembering, not the processes themselves  Consciousness is not a single condition but consists of distinguishable states  Consciousness also endows us with self- awareness

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Consciousness and the Ability to Communicate  Our ability to communicate helped give rise to consciousness  How does communication give rise to consciousness?  Must be able to translate private events into language  Our words must have an effect on the person receiving them

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Selective Attention  Auditory Information  Visual Information  Brain Mechanisms of Selective Attention

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Auditory Information Figure 9.2: Models of Selective Attention in the Dichotic Listening Task

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 9.3: Shadowing a Message That Switches Ears

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Auditory Information  The cocktail party phenomenon  We can follow a particular conversation even when other conversations are going on around us

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Visual Information  We can successfully attend either to the location of the information or to the nature of the information (revealed by its physical features, such as form or color)

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Visual Information  Location as a Cue for Selective Attention  Inhibition of Return  Inattention Blindness  Change Blindness

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Consciousness and the Brain  Isolation Aphasia: A Case of Global Unawareness  Visual Agnosia: Lack of Awareness of Visual Perceptions  The Split-Brain Syndrome

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Isolation Aphasia: A Case of Global Unawareness  A language disturbance in which a person is unable to comprehend speech or to produce meaningful speech but is able to repeat speech and to learn new sequences of words.  Geschwind, Quadfasel, and Segarra (1968)

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Visual Agnosia: Loss of Awareness of Visual Perceptions F 9.10 Figure 9.8: Hypothetical Exchanges of Information within the Brain of a Patient with Visual Agnosia

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Split-Brain Syndrome Figure 9.9: Identification of an Object by a Person with a Split Brain in Response to an Olfactory Stimulus

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Hypnosis  A specific and unusual form of verbal control that apparently enables one person to control some of the behavior of another person  Once hypnotized, people are very suggestible  Not all people can be hypnotized  Frank Anton Mesmer

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Characteristics of Hypnosis  Three Types of Suggestions  Ideomotor – suggestions that a particular action will occur without awareness of voluntary action  Challenge – suggestions that the hypnotized individual will be unable to perform a normally voluntary action  Cognitive – suggestions that the hypnotized person is undergoing sensory or cognitive distortions

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 9.11: The Ponzo Illusion and Hypnotic Blindness The short horizontal lines are the same length. Even when a hypnotic suggestion made the slanted lines disappear, the visual system still perceived the illusion

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Sleep  The Stages of Sleep  Functions of Sleep  Dreaming  Disorders of Sleep  Brain Mechanisms of Sleep

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Stages of Sleep F 9.12  Stage 1 – Theta activity  Stage 2 – Theta activity and K complexes  Stages 3 and 4 – Delta activity; Slow-wave sleep  REM Sleep – Deep sleep characterized by rapid eye movements

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Functions of Sleep  Sleep as Repair – serves to repair the wear and tear on our bodies caused by moving and exercising  Sleep and Learning – aids in the consolidation of long-term memories  Horne and Minard (1985)

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Dreaming  Consciousness during Sleep  Night Terrors  Sleepwalking  Functions of dream  Psychological analysis of the content of dreams – Freud  Cognitive neuroscientific research – product of brain’s information processing

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Dreaming  Theories  Dreaming as Wish Fulfillment (Freud)  Dreaming as Story Construction (Hobson and Pacec-Schott)  Dreaming as Learning

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Disorders of Sleep  Insomnia  Difficulty in falling or remaining asleep  Narcolepsy  Irresistibly falling asleep at the wrong time  REM Sleep Behavior  Fail to exhibit paralysis during REM sleep  Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep  Bedwetting  Sleepwalking

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Brain Mechanisms of Sleep  The Circadian Clock  Circadian Rhythms – daily rhythmical change in behaviors or physiological processes  Suprachiasmatic nuclei – area of hypothalamus that provides a biological clock for circadian rhythms  Neural Control of Sleep  Preoptic area – area of hypothalamus that inhibits arousal neurons to produce sleep  Adenosine – activates neurons to induce sleep