1. Matrissya Hermita
SLEEP & DREAM

2. The continuum of consciousness wide range of experiences, from being acutely aware and alert to being totally unaware and unresponsive.
Consciousness different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings. It may include creating images in one’s mind, following one’s thought processes, or having unique emotional experiences.

3. Controlled processes activities that require full awareness, alertness, and concentration to reach some goal. The focused attention required in carrying out controlled processes usually interferes with the execution of other ongoing activities.
Automatic processes activities that require little awareness, take minimal attention, and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

4. Daydreaming activity that requires a low level of awareness, often occurs during automatic processes, and involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake.
Altered states of consciousness result from using any number of procedures such as meditation, psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, or sleep deprivation, to produce an awareness that differs from normal consciousness.

5. SLEEP AND DREAM
Sleep consists of five different stages that involve different levels of awareness, consciousness, and responsive- ness, as well as different levels of physiological arousal. The deepest state of sleep borders on unconsciousness.
Dreaming is a unique state of consciousness in which we are asleep but experience a variety of astonishing visual, auditory, and tactile images, often connected in strange ways and often in color. People blind from birth have only auditory or tactile dreams.

6. According to Freud’s theory, when we are faced with very threatening wishes or desires, especially if they are sexual or aggressive, we automatically defend our self-esteem by placing these psychologically threatening thoughts into a mental place of which we are not aware, called the unconscious. We cannot voluntarily recall unconscious thoughts or images.
Implicit or non declarative memory means learning without awareness, such as occurs in emotional situations or in acquiring habits. We are unaware of such learning, which can influence our conscious feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
Unconsciousness, which can result from disease, trauma, a blow to the head, or general medical anesthesia, results in total lack of sensory awareness and complete loss of responsiveness to one’s environment.

7. THE STAGES of SLEEPS
The stages of sleep refer to distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain and accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different phases of sleep.
The alpha stage is marked by feelings of being relaxed and drowsy, usually with the eyes closed. Alpha waves have low amplitude and high frequency (8–12 cycles per second).
Non-REM sleep  approximately 80% of sleep time. divided into sleep stages 1, 2, 3, and 4; each stage is identified by a particular pattern of brain waves and physiological responses. (REM stands for rapid eye movement.)

11. REM sleep remaining 20% of sleep time.
It is pronounced “rem” and stands for rapid eye movement sleep  eyes move rapidly back and forth behind closed lids.
REM brain waves have high frequency and low amplitude and look very similar to beta waves, which occur when wide awake and alert.
During REM sleep, your body is physiologically very aroused, but all your voluntary muscles are paralyzed.
REM sleep is highly associated with dreaming.

12. What Cause Sleep
First, the time of day you go to sleep is regulated by the circadian clock the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (R. Y. Moore, 2006).
Second, something turns on master sleep switch, located in the VPN (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus) turns off areas that arouse brain, such as the reticular formation (Garcia-Rill et al., 2006).

13. Third, a number of different chemicals and neurotransmitters, some of which are manufactured in the pons, regulate when you go into and out of non-REM and REM sleep and when you awaken (Czeisler et al., 2006).
Fourth, the circadian rhythm that regulates your body temperature is tied in with sleep, go to sleep when temperature falls, wake up when temperature rises (Ropper & Samuels, 2009).

14. Freud’s theory of dreams says that we have a “censor” that protects us from realizing threatening and unconscious desires or wishes, especially those involving sex or aggression. To protect us from having threatening thoughts, the “censor” transforms our secret, guilt-ridden, and anxiety- provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts.
The theory that dreams are extensions of waking life means that our dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake.

15. The activation-synthesis theory says that dreaming occurs because brain areas that provide reasoned cognitive control during the waking state are shut down. As a result, the sleeping brain is stimulated by different chemical and neural influences that result in hallucinations, delusions, high emotions, and bizarre thought patterns that we call dreams.
The threat simulation theory says that dreaming serves a biological function by repeatedly simulating events that are threatening in our waking lives so our brain can practice how it perceives threats and so we can rehearse our responses to these events.

16. Night terrors
occur during stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
frightening experiences that often start with a piercing scream, followed by sudden waking in a fearful state with rapid breathing and increased heart rate.
has no memory of the frightening experience.
About 3–7% of children have night terrors.

17. Nightmares
occur during REM sleep.
very frightening and anxiety-producing images that occur during dreaming.
usually involve great danger—being attacked, injured, or pursued.
Upon awakening, the person can usually describe the nightmare in great detail.

18. Sleepwalking
occurs in stage 3 or 4 (delta sleep)
consists of getting up and walking while literally sound asleep.
Sleepwalkers generally have poor coordination, are clumsy but can avoid objects, can engage in very limited conversation, and have no memory of sleepwalking.