1. Consciousness

2. Definition Awareness outside world
own mental processes, such as thoughts and feelings.

3. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious: Awareness
Nonconscious: Removed from conscious awareness.
Preconscious: Mental events that are outside awareness, but can easily be brought into awareness.

4. Processing Without Awareness
Blindsight
Sequence Learning
Mere Exposure Effect (familarity)
Priming
Subliminal Messages
Emotions
words associated with images
“masked” pictures evoke fear (e.g., spiders)
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7. Altered States of Consciousness
An extensive change in mental processes that produces noticeable changes in psychological and behavioral functioning.
Sleep
Hypnosis
Drugs

8. Sleep

9. Figure 4.3: EEG During Sleep
Webb, Wilse B., Sleep: An Experimental Approach, 1968, p.15. Reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

10. A Night’s Sleep
Adapted from A Primer of Sleep and Dreaming by Rosalind Cartwright. © 1978 by Addison-Wesley. Reprinted by permission of the author.

11. Functions of Sleep Protective Restorative Dreaming?
REM (neurotransmitters-NE, learning, not required)
Non-REM (body and mind, required)
Dreaming?
Wish Fulfillment
Activation-Synthesis
Problem- Solving (Lucid dreaming)
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12. Counting Sleep
Opossum
Ferret
Cat
Dog
Human
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14. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia: One feels daytime fatigue due to trouble falling asleep or staying asleep.
Narcolepsy: Person abruptly enters, without warning, REM sleep directly from the waking state.
Sleep Apnea: Person briefly but repeatedly stops breathing during the night.

15. Sleep Disorders (cont’d)
Sleepwalking: Occurs in non-REM sleep, usually in childhood.
Nightmares: Frightening REM dreams.
Night Terrors: Horrific dream images during stage 4 sleep.
Sleep Paralysis: Profound motor paralysis but awake

16. Sleep Disorders (cont’d)
Bruxism: Grinding of teeth
Disordered Sleep-Wake Cycles:
Jet Lag
Shift Work
REM Behavior Disorder

17. Sleep as a Circadian Rhythm
Circadian Rhythm: Cycle of behavior and physiology that repeat about every 24 hours.
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): Our internal “biological clock.”

19. Signals from the SCN travel to several brain regions, including the pineal gland, which responds to light-induced signals by switching off production of the hormone melatonin. The SCN also affects functions which are synchronised with the sleep/wake cycle, including body temperature, hormone secretion and changes in blood pressure.

20. Hypnosis

21. Hypnosis An altered state of suggestibility
Hypnotic susceptibility is the degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestions.
willingness is most important factor in susceptibility.

22. Main Changes in People During Hypnosis
Tendency not to begin actions on one’s own.
Redistributed attention.
Enhanced ability to fantasize.
Susceptibility to readily take on different roles.
Reduced reality-testing.

23. Truths posthypnotic suggestion posthypnotic amnesia pain control
catalepsy
vivid hallucinations
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26. Real
Imagined
Hypnosis
Imagined
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27. Fiction weak willed sleep-like trance harm oneself or others
age regression (role playing not true regression)
enhanced memory
hypnotist has special powers

28. Explaining Hypnosis
State Theory: Hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness.
Role Theory: Hypnotized people are acting in accordance with a social role that demands compliance.
Dissociation Theory: Hypnosis is a socially agreed-upon opportunity to display one’s ability to let mental functions become dissociated.

29. Reports of Pain in Hypnosis
Hilgard, E. R. (1977) Divided consciousness: Multiple controls and in human thought and action. New York: Wiley